Grammatik - Allt typ

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• Describe what a main clause is It can stand on it's own and always contains a finit verb. It is used to make a statement and as a question.
• What is a compound sentence? Two main clauses that are combined by a coordinator (and, but, or).
• What is a complex sentence? A main clause combined with a dependent clause.
• Describe what a dependent clause is. It is dependent on the main clause and cannot stand on it's own.
• Describe a non-finite dependent clause. It doesn't have a finite verb. The verbs are to-infinitive, ing-form or a past participle.
• Describe a finite dependent clause. Contains a verb in present or past tense. Typically introduced with a subordinator such as although, because, as if.
• Write the word classes Nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives.
• Write the clause elements. Subject, verb, object (indirect and direct), predicative, adverbial.
• How do you identify word classes? Words in isolation.
• How do you identify clause elements? Words in a sentence.
• What's happening? Verb.
• Who gave? Subject
• What did she gave? Direct object
• To whom did she gave? Indirect object
• When? Where? How? Adverbial
• Describe the clause element predicative. It provides information about the subject of the clause.
• What is the head? It's the most important word in a grammatical phrase.
• In a noun phrase what is usually the head? A noun or a pronoun.
• Describe the subject-verb agreement. If the head in the noun phrase is singular the verb is also singular. If the head is plural the verb is plural.
• Regular plural Adding 's' to the singular form.
• Irregular plural (groups) Vowel change, f/fe --> ves, foreign plural, zero plural, -en plural
• Give example of nouns that's always plural. Pyjamas, scissors, police.
• What type of nouns are always plural? Clothes and instrument consisting of two parts and living beings.
• Write all the uncountable nouns. Advice, cash, evidence, furniture, homework, jewellery, knowledge, money, news, pollution, progress, stationary.
• What is the rule when using uncountable nouns? It is treated as singular. This means you need a singular verb form after. Can be used with the definite article (the) but not with the indefinite (a/an).
• He, she, it is/was, does/did, goes/went, have/had
• I, you, we, they are/were, do/did, go/went, has/had
• When do we use the of-construction? With things, not living beings.
• When is the apostrophe used? With people, animals and countries.
• The womens boss. The women's boss.
• The womans dog. The woman's dog.
• The girls school. (Plural) The girls' school.
• When dos we use the definite article (the)? To talk about something already mentioned or something generally true.
• When do we use the indefinite article (a/an)? 'A' (with consonant sound), 'an' (with vowel sound). To talk about something new.
• What is personal pronouns? It can be used instead of a noun or a noun phrase.
• Write the pronouns that are in subject form. I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they.
• Write the pronouns that are in object form. Me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them.
• 1st person singular I, me.
• 2nd person singular You, you.
• 3rd person singular He, she, it / him, her, it
• 1st person plural We, us
• 2nd person plural You, you
• 3rd person plural They, them
• Demostrative pronouns This (sing.) / these (plur.) near the speaker. That (sing.) / Those (plur.) away from the speaker.
• Possessive pronouns - dependent form (together with a noun eg book) My book, your book, his book, her book, its book, our book, your book, their book.
• Possessive pronouns - independent form (can stand on their own) The book is min, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
• Interrogative pronouns - used in the beginning of a question What, which, who, whom, whose
• When do we use 'which' and 'whom'? Which - is used with limited options. Whom - must be used after a preposition.
• Relative pronouns - refer back to a noun and link a clause to them who, which, whom, that, whose
• Quantifying pronouns - related to quantity of some kind Some, any, everybody
• When use 'some'? Affirmative statements.
• When use 'any'? Negative statements and questions.
• What is the exception for the use of 'some'? We can use 'some' in questions if we expect a positive answer and if we want to be polite.
• What's the rule when using 'everybody'? Even if 'everybody' refers to many people, the form is singular and therefor you must use a singular verb. (Is, was, has, does, looks etc)
• What do verbs describe? Things we do and mental states.
• What's the different between main verb and auxiliary verb? A main verb can stand on it's own. An auxiliary verb can be used with a main verb.
• Write the primary auxiliaries. Do, be, have.
• When do we use 'do'? To create a negative statement or a question. (do, does, don't, doesn't)
• When do we use 'be'? Is used with a main verb to create the progressive form and passive constructions. (Am, is, are, was, were, been)
• When do we use 'have'? Used with a main verb for creating the present perfect tense (have, has) and past perfect tense (had).
• What can the primary auxiliaries function as? Main verbs.
• What is modal auxiliaries? They are used with main verbs and express ability, permission, probability, obligation and volition.
• Present tense of do do, does
• Past tense of do did
• After 'do, does, did' you need to use what? The basic form of the verb.
• How to create the progressive form? Using BE + the ing-form of the main verb in all the different tenses.
• When is present progressive used? To describe something going on at the time of speaking, around the time of speaking, change in process, something that's temporary.
• When is simple present used? To describe a habit, something permanent, eternal truths, states and relations.
• When is past progressive used? To describe an action that was going on during a short period in the past. Often used together with the simple past.
• When is present perfect progressive used? To say that the action is not finished.
• To which tenses do we use the past participle form? Present perfect and past perfect.
• Can a noun phrase contain two nouns? Yes, but only one can be the head and the other one is a post modifier. The head decides if the verb should be in plural or singular.
• How to express the future? Will, be going to, present progressive.
• Why do we use adjectives? To describe nouns.
• Why do we use adverbs? To describe verbs, adjectives and adverbs.
• Adverbs ending often is... -ly and answer the question how.
• Give example of words ending in -ly that can be both adjectives and adverbs. Early, weekly, daily, monthly, yearly.
• Give examples of other words that can be both adjectives and adverbs. Fast, long, straight.
• Which words ending in -ly are only adjectives? Friendly, lovely, silly, woolly.
• When you compare adjectives and adverbs there are three different forms, write these down. One-syllable, some two-syllable adjectives, other two-syllable adjectives and adverbs, three-syllable adjectives and adverbs ending in -ly, irregular comparison (good, well)
• Define adverbial Words and phrases that can form a clause element. Can sometimes contain structures and word classes.
• Which three different positions can adverbials appear in a clause? (Adverbial can be a clause) At the end, at the beginning, in mid position.
• If there is an auxiliary verb and a main verb, where is the adverbial placed? Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb.

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