Miljötoxologi

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• toxicants anything that can cause adverse effects on living organisms
• toxins are produced by living cells
• toxic a substance with toxic properties
• legislation known harmful chemicals replaced by others
• convention vertical
• advection horizontal
• dry deposition airborne particles falls down by gravity
• wet deposition particles or gases that dissolve in water are washed out of the atmosphere by precipitation
• kd stol adsorption coefficient
• resuspension waves that make the sand on the bottom of the water to move
• kow the octane/water coefficient
• POP persistent organic pollutants
• POC persistent organic compounds
• bioconcentration describes the accumulation of a water-born chemical by an aquatic organism
• BCFss the ratio of the concentration of the substance in a specific genus to the exposure concentration
• PBT substances persistant bioaccumulative and toxic
• vPvB substances very persistant and very bio accumulative
• bioaccumulation net result of adsorption, disruption, excretion and metabolism of a substance in an organism
• BAF the study-state ration of the substance conc. in an organism to the concentration in the sourinding medium.
• BSAF biota-sediment accumulation factor
• TMF trophic magnification factor
• biomagnification concentration increases in organism with a increase of one trophic level in a food chain
• trophic dilution the concentration of a substance in a predator is lower than that in its pray
• secondary poisoning the toxic effects in the higher members of a food chain that result from ingestion of a organism from lower trophic levels that contain accumulated substances
• good "chemical status" concentration of priority substances should be keept below their respective environmental quality standards
• EQS concentration of a pollutant in water, sediment, biota that should not be exceeded in order to protect human health and the enviroment
• passive diffusion movement of molecules across the membrane without engird expenditure
• active transport movement of molecules against a concentration gradient of electrical potential. requires energy.
• filtration movement of molecules across the membrane due to hydrostatic pressure
• faciliated diffusion movement of molecules across the membrane using transport proteins
• endocytosis cells engulf molecules found in the outside
• free radicals highly reactive and unstable molecules. ny-product produced by oxidation in the body. steels electrons from other molecules.
• xenobiotic chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced by it
• metabolism biochemical reactions taking place in living organisms to sustain life and maintain a homeostatic environment
• biotransformation chemical transformation of a xenobiotic in the body
• cofactor molecule that is required for the enzyme to function
• holoenzyme apoenzyme+cofactor
• coenzyme when the cofactor is an organic substance
• Phase I enzymatic attachment of a functional group to make the xenobiotic more water-soluble
• Phase II build up of a lager conjugate
• UDP-glucuronyltransferase UGT
• superoxide dismutase SOD
• catalase CAT
• Physical filters air borne particles that sticks to the respiratory mucosae
• chemical filters specificity of nutrient reuptake in the gut
• site of action place where the effects occur
• mechanism of action specific cellular biochemical or molecular interaction caused by the xenobiotic on the site of action
• toxicokinetics how the organism affects the xenobiotic, how the xenobiotic is handled by the organism
• toxicodynamics how the xenobiotic affects the organism
• ROS reactive oxygen species. peroxides, superoxide hydroxyl radical
• Ah Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
• ARNT Aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translator
• Toxicodynamics study of toxic action on living systems
• Additivity if operating on the same mechanism, two toxicants are likely to display additive effects
• synergism etanol and carbon tetrachloride are more toxic tighter than apart
• potentiation the potentater has no effect of its own but potentates the other
• antagonism one toxicant subtract the effects from the other
• HQ hazard quotient
• HI hazard identification
• DRA dose-response assessment
• NOEL no observed effect level
• NOEC no observed effect concentration
• NOAEL no observed adverse effect level
• LOEL lowest observed effect level
• LOAEL lowest observed adverse effect level
• LD50 lethal dose, cause death to 50% of the population
• LC50 lethal concentration for 50% of the population
• CPF cancerpotenty factor
• aggregate dose the level accumulated from multiple exposures
• cumulative dose the aggregated dose accounting for all exposures affecting the same mechanisms
• risk benchmark toxic endpoints PNEC/assessment factor
• Assessment factor addresses the differences between laboratory data and natural conditions
• ADI acceptable daily intake
• PNEC Predicted no effect concenration
• ECR excess cancer risk
• CPF cancer potenty factor
• API active pharmaceutical ingredient
• PEC predicted environmental concentration
• risk factor PNEC/conc
• PNEC NOEL/AF
• HI exposure/effects
• HQ ration of exposure dose to the effect dose
• trophic dilution the conc of a substance in a predator is lower than in its prey
• secondary poisoning the toxic effects in the higher member of a food chain that resulted of ingestion of organisms from lower levels of the trophic levels that contain accumulated levels of toxicants
• endocrine disruptors and exogenoussubstans that alters the function(s) in the endocrine system. can cause adversed helat effects to organism, its offspring or populations
• aggregated dose the accumulated level of multiple exposures
• cumulative dose the aggregated dose accounting for all exposures affecting the same mechanism

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