Blood vessel regulation mechanisms - lecture 6

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• name the 2 Central regulatory mechansims: hormonal, neural
• (FILL GAPS) central neural regulatory mechanism is done by nerve fibres that innervates ... ... ... in resistance vessels, this mechansim happens within a ... ... smooth muscle cells, few ms
• (FILL GAPS) Central hormonal regulation will produce hormones in the ... part of the body which is the transpoted via the ... --> this takes longer time, about .. s for young person and .. s for >80 years person central, blood, 20, 28
• name the 3 peripheral regulatory mechanisms (starting with the most importent one): metabolic, myogenic, hormonal
• (FILL GAPS) peripheral myogenic regulation will sense ... of the blood vessel wall and respond with either ... or ... stretch, contraction, dilation
• (FILL GAPS) peripheral myogenic regulation is related to ... produced hormomes which are produced from ... and ... ... and these hormone will cause either ... or ... locally, tissues, endothelial cells, contraction, relaxation
• (FILL) Central neural regulation: the central vasoconstrictor fibers are the ... ... which begins from the centres ..-.. -> these fibres will release .. on ... receptors causeing ... -> these vasoconstrictor fibres are under control of the ... ... and i blood pressure is low activity of this "controler" ... due to less activity of baroreceptors sympathetic fibres, T1-L3, NE, alpha-1, vasoconstriction, vasomotor centre, increases
• (FILL) Central neural regulation: the central vasodilator fibers that innervates the pelvic region are the ... ... which begins from the centres ..-.. -> these fibres will release ... on .. receptors causeing ... -> these vasodilator fibres are active during ... --> some of these fibres begin from centres located in ... and these causes dilation of ... arteries and ... in the heart parasympathetic fibres, S2-S4, acetylcholine, M3, vasodilation, sex, n.vagus, coronary, arterioles
• (FILL) Central neural regulation: the central vasodilator fibers belonging to sympathetic NS are called ... ... ... -> these fibres centres are located in ..-.. and they release ... on .. receptors -> these fibres will cause ... in the ... ... arterioles, ... arterioles & ... arterioles -> thses fibres are important in ... .. ... situations sympathetic vasodilator fibres, T1-L3, acetylcholine, M3, vasodilation, skeletal muscle, coronary, brain, fight or flight
• (FILL) Central neural regulation: the dorsal root fibres belong to the ... NS -> these fibres will build up the ... reflex and this riflex is activated by ... or ... receptors in the skin -> activation of this reflex will release the neurotransmittors ... .. & ... on blood vessels causing them to ... somatic, axon, pain, temperature, substance P, CGRP, relax
• central neural regulation: The vasodilation fibres only activate during specific situations e.g. training/sexual intercourse: TRUE/FALSE true
• CENTRAL hormonal regulation: name the 4 central vasoconstrictor hormones epinephrine, norepinephrine, angiotensin II, vasopresin
• (FILL) CENTRAL hormonal regulation: the hormones epinephrine & norepinephrin is central ... hormones --> they are relased from ... ... due to it being stimulated by the ... NS --> E & NE binds to ... receptors on smooth muscle cells which will cause ... vasoconstrictor, adrenal medulla, sympathetic, alpha-1, vasoconstriction
• (FILL) CENTRAL hormonal regulation: the hormone agiotensin II is central ... hormones and is a part of ...-... system --> it is produced by the enzyme ... ... ... --> angiotensin II binds to ... & ... receptors on smooth muscle cells which will cause ... vasoconstrictor, renin-angiotensin, angiotensin converting enzyme, AT1, AT2, vasoconstriction
• (FILL) CENTRAL hormonal regulation: the hormone vasopressin is a central ... hormones --> vassopressin is sinthesized in ... and then relased by ... when blood prssure is ... -> vassopressin binds to .. receptor on smooth muscle cells which will cause ... vasoconstrictor, hypothalamus, neurohypophysis, low, V1, vasoconstriction
• central vasoconstrictor hormones are released when BP is ... (FILL) low
• central vasodilator hormones are released when BP is ... (FILL) high
• which are the 3 CENTRAL vasodilator hormones: epinephrine, ANP, BNP
• (FILL) CENTRAL hormonal regulation: the hormone epinephrine is ALSO a central vasodilator hormone -> it works as a central vasodilator when it acts on ... receptors on smooth muscle cells of ... ... arterioles & ... arterioles --> the E is released form ... ... due to ... NS stimulation beta-2, skeletal muscle, coronary, adrenal medulla, sympathetic
• (FILL) CENTRAL hormonal regulation: the hormones ANP & BNP are central ... hormone --> they are both released due to ... of the heart which is caused by ... BP -> BNP is released from the ... of the heart from the cells ... ... and ANP is relaesed from the ... of the heart by the same cells vasodilator, stretch, high, ventricle, endocrine cardiomyocytes, atria
• ANP and BNP are strong vasodilaters: TRUE/FALSE false
• (FILL) PERIPHERAL Myogenic regulation is caused by ... of BV wall -> this will cause activation of ... gated Ca2+ channels whcih will cause ... of Ca2+ and lead to ... stretch, deformation, influx, contraction
• PERIPHERAL Myogenic regulation is important to keep stable blood flow to the microcirculation despite the arterial blood pressure changes. TRUE/FALSE true
• (FILL) when mean arterial blood pressure changes within the pressure range ..-.. mmHg the peripheral myogenic regulation can though constriction/dilation still keep the blood flow in the ..-circulation within normal range 80-160, micro
• (FILL) Myogenic vasoconstriction has reached its maximum and can not constrict more this happens when mean arterial pressure is bigger than .. mmHg 160
• (FILL) Myogenic vasodilation has reached its maximum and can not dilate more this happens when mean arterial pressure is smaller than .. mmHg 80
• which are the 4 vasocontrictor hormones in PERIPHERAL Humoral regulation endothelins, leukotrienes, serotonin, thromboxane A2
• which are the 6 vasodilator hormones in PERIPHERAL Humoral regulation (skriv hela namn skriv förkortning på 3 av dom inom ( ) ) endothelial derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), histamine, kinins, nitric oxide, prostacyclin (PGI2), prostaglandin (PGE2)
• (FILL) PERIPHERAL humonral regulation: the hormones serotonin & thromboxane A2 are Peripheral ... hormones -> they are both produced from damaged ... and ... ... -> both these peripheral hormones will cause LOCAL ... to prevent blood loss vasoconstrictor, tissues, blood platelets, vasoconstriction
• (FILL) PERIPHERAL humonral regulation: the hormone leukotriene is a Peripheral ... hormones -> it is produced from ... ... due to ... -> this peripheral hormone will cause LOCAL ... vasoconstrictor, arachidonic acid, inflammation, vasoconstriction
• (FILL) PERIPHERAL humonral regulation: the hormone endothelin is a Peripheral ... hormone -> it is constanly produced by ... cells -> this peripheral hormone is the STRONGEST/WEAKEST? vasoconstrictor in the human body vasoconstrictor, endothelial, strongest
• (FILL) the strongest vasoconstrictor in the body is ... and it belong to the ... humeral regulation endothelin, peripheral
• (FILL) PERIPHERAL humonral regulation: the hormone histamine is a Peripheral ... hormones -> it is produced from ... cells and ... leukocytes due to ... reaction -> this peripheral hormone binds to .. receptor and will cause ... vasodilator, muscle, basophilic, allergic, H1, vasodilation
• (FILL) PERIPHERAL humonral regulation: the hormone kinins is a Peripheral ... hormone -> it is produced due to ... and also from ... cells when they are working -> this peripheral hormone will cause ... vasodilator, inflammation, glandular, vasodilation
• (FILL) PERIPHERAL humonral regulation: the hormone nitric oxide is a Peripheral ... hormone -> it is produced from ... cells due to ... ... and substances binding to receptors on the ... cells -> this peripheral hormone acts on nearby smooth muscle cells and will cause ... vasodilator, endothelial, shear stress, endothelial, vasodilation
• (FILL) PERIPHERAL humonral regulation: the hormones PGI2 & PGE2 are Peripheral ... hormone -> they are produced from ... cells -> this peripheral hormone will cause ... vasodilator, endothelial, vasodilation
• PERIPHERAL Metabolic regulation: which are the 5 factors that "due to their concentration" effect the peripheral metabolic regulation? PCO2, PO2, pH, adenosine, K+
• PERIPHERAL Metabolic regulation: in working peripheral cells vasoconstriction will occur: TRUE/FALSE false
• PERIPHERAL Metabolic regulation: in working peripheral cells vasodilation will occur: TRUE/FALSE true
• PERIPHERAL Metabolic regulation: in NON-working peripheral cells vasoconstriction will occur: TRUE/FALSE true
• (FILL) PERIPHERAL Metabolic regulation: in working peripheral cells vasoconstriction will occur because there is ... in PCO2, ... PO2, ... pH, ... Adenosine, ... extracellular K+ (increase/decrease answers): increase, decrease, increase, increase, increase
• PERIPHERAL Metabolic regulation: working peripheral cells use more O2 thus producing more CO2: TRUE/FALSE true
• PERIPHERAL Metabolic regulation: working peripheral cells produce more CO2 thus pH increases: TRUE/FALSE false
• PERIPHERAL Metabolic regulation: working peripheral cells use more ATP thus producing Less adenosine: TRUE/FALSE false
• PERIPHERAL Metabolic regulation: working peripheral cells use more extracellular K+ deu to Depolarization: TRUE/FALSE false
• PERIPHERAL Metabolic regulation: NON-working peripheral cells use less O2 thus producing less CO2: TRUE/FALSE true
• PERIPHERAL Metabolic regulation: NON-working peripheral cells use less ATP thus producing more adenosine: TRUE/FALSE false
• PERIPHERAL Metabolic regulation: NON-working peripheral cells does NOT produce Vos thus pH increases: TRUE/FALSE true
• If blood flow and oxygen delivery to the tissue is excessive (to much) --> to much O2 is delivered which the tissues can NOT handle --> ROS will build up: TRUE/FALSE true
• (FILL) HUMERAL regulation: ... coupling can be activated by the central vasocostrictor hormones ..., ..., ..., ... and the locally produced peripheral vasoconstrictor hormomes .. or .. (by binding to alpha-1 receptor), ..., ... -> binding of hormones will activate G-protein -> G-protein can ... Ca2+ channels (influx) or it can stimulate production of ... & ... and they will also cause increased concentration of .. -> all this will lead to ... of smooth muscl cell pharmacomechanical, endothelins, leukotrienes, serotonin, thromboxane A2, E, NE, angiotensin II, vassopresin, open, IP3, DAG, Ca2+, contraction
• (FILL) MYOGENIC regulation: ... coupling is activated by ... smooth muscle cell and this causes ... Ca2+ channels to open -> influx of Ca2+ -> ca2+ binds to ... receptors on ... ER -> Ca2+ concentration increases -> contraction myogenic, stretch, mechanosensitive, ryanodine, smooth
• general contraction: Ca2+ will activate ... this will then activate ... which in turn will phosphorylate myosin light chain leading to ... of cross-bridges -> contraction calmodulin, MLCK, increase
• which are the 3 couplings leading to contraction/vasoconstriction of smooth muscle cells? electromechanical coupling, pharmacomechanical coupling, myogenic coupling
• which are the 2 mechanisms leading to relaxation/vasodilation of smooth muscle cells? pharmacochemical mechanism, endothelium induced vasodilation
• Pharmacochemical mechanism causes vasodilation if the 3 hormones ... (if binding to β2) ..., ... binds to it epinephrine, histamine, kinins
• (NO COPY) Endothelium induced vasodilation can be caused by which 2 things? STRUCTURE: ..., ... (... or ...) shear stress, hormones (acetylcholine or histamine)
• Endothelium induced vasodilation mechanism: shear stress will cause ... Ca2+ channels to open on ... cells which sits on top of smooth muscle cells -> influx of Ca2+ -> increased conc. of Ca2+ leads to the production of ..., ..., ... mechanosensitive, endothelial, eNOS, EDHF, PGI2
• Endothelium induced vasodilation mechanism (due to shear stress): production of eNOS in the epithelial cell will lead to convertion of L-arginine into ... ... -> this substance will then diffuse to the SM cell and open .. channels It will also stimulate production of ... -> this will lead to ... of the SM cell nitric oxide, K+, cGMP, relaxation
• Endothelium induced vasodilation mechanism (due to shear stress): production of EDHF in the epithelial cell is produced from breakdown of ... ... -> the EDHF will diffuse out of endothelial cell to the SM cell -> here it will activate .. channels -> outflux of .. -> relaxation of SM cell arachidonic acid, K+, K+
• Endothelium induced vasodilation mechanism (due to shear stress): production of PGI2 in epithelial cell is produced from breakdown of ... ... -> PGI2 will diffuse out of endothelial cell to SM cell -> here it will activate .. channels It will aslo activate G-protein which will produce ... which will decrease activity of ... -> relaxation of SM cell arachidonic acid, K+, cAMP, MLCK
• Endothelium induced vasodilation mechanism (due to hormone binding): the homones that can cause Endothelium induced vasodilation mechanism is acetylcholin & histamin --> if ACH binds to epithelial cell it leads to production of ... ... nitric oxide
• The unit mL/min/100g shows how much of the CO that is picked up per minute in relation to 100 grams of the tissues: TRUE/FALSE true
• vasspressin antiduretic hormone
• for pharmacomechanical coupling cousing vasodilation the vasodilater substanses that bind are only ... (on ... receptor), ..., ... the other vasodilater substances does not because they are produced during endothelial induced vasodilation epinephrine (on beta-2 receptor), histamine, kinins
• Endothelium induced vasodilation can be caused by the substances ..., ... or by ... ... -> the endothelial cells will then produce .. from eNOS or produce ... ... ... ... or ... -> these vasodilator substances then diffuse out and acts on SMC -> relaxation histamine, acetylcholine, shear stress, NO, endothelial derived hyperpolarizing factor, prostacyclin

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