Chapter 8. Perception

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• Perception The dynamic psychological process responsible for attending to, organizing, and interpreting sensory data
• The perceptual process Bottom-up and Top-down processing
• Bottom-up processing the way we process raw data received by our senses and need for selectivity. Less relevant information, focus on what is important. Sensation
• Sensory input and Selective attention Bottom-up processing
• Top-down processing mental processing allowing order, interpretations, making sense of the world around us. Search for meaning. Perception
• Perceptual organization, Interpretation, Behavioral response Top-down processing
• Perceptual World The individual’s personal internal image, map or picture of their social, physical and organizational environment
• The positivists perspective of perceptual world Discover an objective world, as it really is
• The constructives perspective of perceptual world Explores how our world is socially constructed, how we experience and interpret the world
• Selective Attention To be able, sometimes unconsciously, to choose from a stream of sensory data, to concentrate on some elements, and ignore others
• Perceptual Threshold A boundary point, either side of which our senses respectively will or will not be able to detect stimuli, such as sound, light or touch.
• Habituation The decrease in perceptual responses to stimuli once they become familiar.
• Perceptual Filters To understand how individual characteristics and predispositions can interfere with the transmission and receipt of messages
• External factors affecting selective attention Stimuli factors, Context factors
• Internal factors affecting selective attention, Expectations Learning, Personality, Motivation
• Perceptual Organization To understand the process through which we process or organize stimuli in systematic and meaningful ways
• Perceptual Set An individual’s predisposition to respond to people and events in a particular manner
• Halo effect To understand how we make overall judgements of others based on particular features-dress, hairstyle, accent (their characteristics)
• Stereotypes A category, or personality type to which we allocate people on the basis of their membership of some known group
• Self-fulfilling Prophecy A prediction that becomes true because someone expects it to happen
• Attribution Theory An approach to Understanding the process by which we make sense of our environment through perception, or attributions of causality.
• Internal causality individual success, or promotion, with reference to their superior skills and knowledge
• External causality Reference to luck, powerful friends, and coincidence
• Projection point out our personal capabilities(exam success), blaming our circumstances (poor teaching)

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