Föreläsning 1-2

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• What are the total amount of microbial cells on earth? 10^30 cells
• Why is it important to have so many microbial cells on earth? Diversity --> different niches --> functional cycles + enviroment
• Why is it difficult to cultivate different microbial species in lab? Hard to recreate their biome --> low survivalrate
• What did Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek discover? The first microscope
• What experiment di Louis Pasteur do and what did it disprove? Swan-neck-experiment, disproved spontaneous generation
• What was the spontaneous generation theory? Microorganisms could erupt from non-living matter
• Why was the spontaneous generation theory so controversial? Deeply connected to religion, contoversial when disproved
• When did the first cell appear on earth, is there any evidence? 3.5 billion years ago, fossils from early microorganisms found
• What is the endosymbiotic theory? non patogenic bacteria infected cells --> evolved to eucaryotic organells
• What type of bacteria is though to have infected the cells so that mitocrondias and chloroplasts evolved? Mitocondia = proteobacteria, Chloroplasts = cyanobacteria
• What role did the mitocondia and chloroplast play in the development of complex life? Gave better opportunity to provide energy --> more advanced cells evolved
• The three-domain system is based on the difference in...: RNA
• What are the three domains in the three-doain-system? Eukaryotes, true bacteria and archaea
• Give examples of archaea-bacterias. Crenarchaeota, Euyarchaeota
• Why is the robosomal RNA used for phylogenetic classification? Ribiosome essential protein synthesis --> found in all species
• Give examples of industrial sectors that rely on microorganism. Waterpurification, starercultures (ferment), mineralization, enzymeproduction
• In biotechnology microorgsnidm are often used as catalyst. What type of industries uses this? Pharmaceutical, antibiotics, fuels
• Explain mineralizations. Give examples of different cycles in mineralizations. Function of enviroment cycles (Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen etc)
• Why can we use microorganisms in production and what does it contribute to? produce specofic chemical compounds --> enviromently friendly productions
• What is the difference between coci and bacilli? Cocci: small (1-2µm), round Bacilli: big(2-5µm), cylindershaped
• What is pleomorphism and why does it occur? Ability to change shape depending on enviroment, better adapring/surviving
• What does surface-to-volume ratio affect, concidering the cells? Does the enviroment play any part? Nutrional needs, ability to transport affected by enviroment they live in
• Give an example why it could be benefitial to have a bigger surface area. Easier to absorb nutrition
• Give an example why it could be benefitial to have a smaller volume. easier transportation
• What benefits is there in staining? Better contrast, identify certain proteins/compounds
• What are the steps for gram staining? 1. crystal violet, 2. iodine (fixate) 3. alcohol wash 3. safranin
• How do you tell different proteins appart with gram staining? Purple = G+, Clear = G- Safranin: Blue = G+, Red = G-
• Why does the gram positive cells retain the purple colour while gram negative do not? Certain protein captures crystal violet + thicker membrane
• Where is RNA synthesized? At the ribosomes
• How can cells regulate their buoyancy? (flytförmåga) By reducing/enlarging their gas vacuoles
• Why does peptidoglycan contain D-amino acids? For better protection and structural streangth in the cell wall
• What differentiates the gram potivive and gram negative cellwalls? Thicker peptidoglycan cell wall: G+ Thin peptidoglycan cell wall: G-
• What protects the cell from osmotic pressure? The cell wall protects it
• What is the DNA in the mitocondia used for and what shape does it have? create protein/Intruct enzymes for itself, circular shape
• Which type of microorganisms cell walls often contain S-layer of glycoproteins? Archeal cells have that sort of wall
• What is the endoplasmatic reticulum and what does it do? Organell in eukaryotic cells, transport material in the cell
• What is teichoic acids and where are they found? anionic glycol polymers found in G+ bacteria
• What does Brauns lipoprotein do? Gives structure to G- bacteria
• Where does transcription in eukaryotic cells take place? Inside of the nucleus
• Does G+ r G- have the biggest periplasmic space in the cell wall? G+ > G-
• What is it called when the cell wall breaks and the cell bursts into death? Lysis
• What does the golgi apparatus do? Transports proteins, lipids and other material through the cell
• Whas are the circular DNA molecules called? Plasmid
• What is the fluid mosaic model? Model: cell wall consists of lipid bylayers with floating protein within
• What are commashaped cells called? vibrio
• What is the S-layer? Structured layer of proteins and glycoproteins
• Where is a S-layer often found? On the surface of many bacteria and archea
• Some bacteria and archaea have hairlike structure to easily attach themselves to surfaces. What is this structure called? Fimbriae or pilli (longer)
• Why does soem microorganism create clusters? Collective defense (protect inner cell fromthreat) + divition of labour

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