important numbers lecture 3

frequency of heart pumping 60-100 x/min

ejection pressure in left ventricle (in resting state) 125-130 mmHg

ejection pressure in right ventricle (in resting state) 25-30 mmHg

stroke volume 60-100 ml

cardiac output 4-6 L/min

duration of atrial systole 0, 1 s

duration of ventricular systole 0, 3 s

duration of isovolumetric contraction (ventricular systole) 0, 04 s

duration of ejection (ventricular systole) 0, 26 s

duration of common diastole or pause 0, 4 s

duration of isovolumetric relaxation (part of common diastole) 0, 08 s

duration of passive filling (part of common diastole) 0, 32 s

pressure during atrial systole in left ventricle 5-10 mmHg

pressure during atrial systole in right ventricle 4-6 mmHg

pressure in aorta during ventricular systole, ejection phase (diastolic pressure) 60-80 mmHg

pressure in pulmonary trunk during ventricular systole, ejection phase (diastolic pressure) 10-15 mmHg

pressure in left ventricle during ventricular systole, ejection phase (ejection pressure) 125-130 mmHg

pressure in right ventricle during ventricular systole, ejection phase (ejection pressure) 25-30 mmHg

amount of blood filled in passive filling (in percentage) 80 %

amount of blood filled in active filling (in percentage) 20 %

minimal pressure in aorta (diastolic pressure) 60-80 mmHg

minimal pressure in pulmonary trunk (diastolic pressure) 10-15 mmHg

frequency of heart sound I 30-50 Hz

frequency of heart sound II 50-70 Hz

end diastolic volume in ventricle 110-150 ml

stroke volume 60-100 ml

reserve volume 20-40 ml

residual volume 10-20 ml

part of filling phase which is passive filling 2/3

part of filling phase which is active filling 1/3

cardiac output during rest 4-6 L/min

cardiac output during physical activity 15-30 L/min

cardiac output during physical activity for untrained person 15-20 L/min

cardiac output during physical activity for aerobic sport athletes 30-35 L/min

lung ventilation for males at rest 6-10 L/min

lung ventilation for males in physical activity 140-180 L/min

normal cardiac index 2.5-4 L/min/m2

pressure in left ventricle during filling phase when end diastolic volume is reached 10 mmHg

pressure in left ventricle during fast ejection phase 125-130 mmHg

pressure in left ventricle during passive ejection phase 100 mHg

pressure in left ventricle during isovolumetric relaxation (end systolic volume) 5 mmHg

centres in sympathetic nervous system which innervates the heart T1-4

centres in parasympathetic nervous system which innervates the heart nervus vagus nuclei in medullary region

Ejection fraction = can be described as the heart's pumping capacity, i.e. how much of the heart's diastolic volume is pumped out with each heartbeat: TRUE/FALSE true

formula for ejection fraction: ejection fraction = ...... ejection fraction = SV/EDV

ejection fraction shows hearts pumping capacity, it looks at how much of the total volume in the ventricle during diastole (EDV) will be ejected during ejection (SV):TRUE/FALSE true

what volumes makes up the end systolic volume (ESV)? ... ..., ... ... reserve volume, residual volume

name of the volume that is always in the ventricle? residual volume

name of the volume that can stay in the ventricle efter ejection or can be ejected together with SV during exercise? reserve volume

name of the volume that is ejected out of the ventricles? stroke volume

what volumes makes up the end diastolic volume (EDV)? ... ..., ... ..., ... ... stroke volume, reserve volume, residual volume

how to calculate stroke volume (e.g. if you have a graph)? stroke volume = ..... stroke volume = EDV - ESV

formula cardiac output? CO = .... CO = SV * HR

formula cardiac index: cardiac index = ... cardiac index = CO/m2

vad påvärkar stroke volume: (3 st, ) ... ..., ... of ..., .../... in ... venous return, contractility of heart, pressure/resistance in aorta

if HR increases then CO decreases, bc the duration of diastole (when ventricles are filled) decreases more then the systole -> decreased amount of blood fills the ventricles: TRUE/FALSE true

even though the SV decreases the cardiac output increases due to the increase in heart rate, UNTIL a certain point: TRUE/FALSE true

formula pressure-volume work, A: A = .... (hole names) A = pressure * delta volume

formula kinetic energy: E = (...*...)/... (hole names --> the parameters is based on the blood)) E = (mass * velocity)/2

Tension time index (Spänningstidsindex) takes the biggest part of energy expenditure (energiförbrukning) of the heart (external work only makes up 3%): TRUE/FALSE true

formula tension index: T = .... (hole words) T = tension * delta time

(FILL) ... regulation length of cardiac muscle cells changes, which changes their force of contraction heterometic

venous return = preload: TRUE/FALSE true

venous return = afterload: TRUE/FALSE false

increased resistance/presser in aorta = increased afterload: TRUE/FALSE true

until a certain limit, increase of heart rate leads to increase of force of contraction -> duration diastole decrease -> during diastole Ca2+outflux takes please -> more Ca2+ remains in the cardiac muscle: TRUE/FALSE true

Postextrasystolic potentiation is Related to the increased force of contraction in the next contraction after an extra systole: TRUE/FALSE true

Increased ... leads to bigger resistance in aorta which decreases .. and increase .. -> In the following systole we will have increased EDV, so the stretch of the wall is greater -> greater force of contraction & SV: (FILL) afterload, SV, EDV

higher afterload can be achieved by vasoconstriction of periphery because then pressure in aorta increases: TRUE/FALSE true

The Iodine containing hormones T3 & T4 can upragulate the numbers of ... receptors on the ... muscle (FILL) beta-1, cardiac

Glucocorticoids numbers of upregulates ... receptors on cardic muscles cell causing ... force of contraction (FILL) alpha-1, increased

High extracellular calcium concentration -> the cardiac muscle can take up more Ca2+ -> stronger contraction: TRUE/FALSE true

write Ohms law of blood flow = Q: Q = ..... (full words) Q = pressure difference / resistance

formula blood flow, Q when we have taken all parameters of resistance into account: Q = (....) / (....) (full words) Q = (pressure difference * pi * radius^2) / (8 * viscosity * length)

Poiseuille´s law does NOT take elasticity of the blood vessel wall into consideration: TRUE/FALSE true

formula total peripheral resistance (TRP): TRP = (..../...) * .. (använd förkortningar) TRP = (MAP-CVP / CO) * 80

in series circulation if Resistance changes in 1 vessel it will not infleunce the other vessels so much bc formula for total resistance is R=(1/R1) + (1/R2).... : TRUE/FALSE false

in Parallel circulation if Resistance changes in 1 vessel it will not infleunce the other vessels so much bc formula for total resistance is R=(1/R1) + (1/R2).... : TRUE/FALSE true

in series circulation if Resistance changes in 1 vessel it will infleunce the other vessels much bc formula for total resistance is R= R1 + R2.... : TRUE/FALSE true

formula reynold´s number, Re: Re = (....)/.. (full names) Re = (2 * velocity * density * radius) / viscosity

if retnold´s number, Re is SMALLER than ... it is ... flow (FILL) 2000, laminar

if retnold´s number, Re is BIGGER than ... it is ... flow (FILL) 2000, turbulent

in which types of vessels does the pulsations due to the cardiac cycle STOP arterioles

formula pulse wave velocity, PWV: PWV = ... between 2 measuring sites / ... deley (full names) PWV = distance between 2 measuring sites / time deley

pulse pressure is the same as .. SV

pulse pressure = Ps - Pd: TRUE/FALSE true

HIGH Augmentation index = indicator of arterial stiffness: TRUE/FALSE true

what is Augmentation index for a 20 yers old person: ..% 70%

what is Augmentation index for a OLD person: ..% above 100%

Ankle Brachial index (ABI) = It compares the blood pressure in the ankles with the blood pressure in the arms, providing information about potential peripheral arterial disease: TRUE/FALSE true

formula ankle-brachial index (ABI): ABI = ... ... ... / ... ... ... (the highest one) ABI = ankle systolic pressure / brachial systolic pressures (the highest one)

Normal ABI = 0, 9 – 1, 3: TRUE/FALSE true

normal systolic blood pressure (in arteries): ..-.. (provide unit) 90-120 mmHg

normal diastolic blood pressure (in arteries): ..-.. (provide unit) 60-80 mmHg

normal mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) (in arteries): ..-.. (provide unit) 70-100 mmHg

formula for MAP: MAP = ..... (förkortningar) MAP = 1/3 * Ps + 2/3 * Pd

normal pulse pressure (in arteries): ..-.. (provide unit) 30-60 mmHg

when we calculate MAP we use 1/3 and 2/3 this is because -> 1/3 of cardiac cycle is systole and 2/3 diastole: TRUE/FALSE true

Rapid control mechanisms -> activates within ..., continue working for ... (FILL) seconds, minutes

Intermediate control mechanisms -> activates within ..., continue working for ... (FILL) minutes, hours

Slow control mechanisms -> activates within ..., continue working for ... hours, days

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