physiology

excitable tissues? muscle, secretory, neural

Aalpha fibers? efferent to skeletal muscle

Agamma fibers? efferent to muscle spindle

C fibers? autonomic postganglionic

B fibers? autonomic preganglionar

A+B fibers are...? myelinated

C fibers are...? unmyelinated

Aalpha velocity? 70-120 m/s

Agamma velocity? 15-30 m/s

C fiber velocity? 0.5-2.5 m/s

Ia fibers? afferent from muscle spindle

Ib fibers? afferent from golgi tendon receptor

II fibers? afferent touch, pressure, proprioreception

III fibers? afferent pain, cold temp

IV fibers? afferent pain, warm temp

Ia, Ib, II and III are...? myelinated

IV fibers are...? unmyelinated

Ia and Ib velocity? 70-120 m/s

IV velocity? 0.5-2.5 m/s

II velocity? 30-70 m/s

III velocity? 12-30 m/s

larger length constant means...? higher velocity

larger diameter of nerve fiber means...? greater length constant

time constant? how quickly nerve fiber gains or loses charge

fast axonal transport? anterograde and retrograde

anterograde velocity? 200-400 mm/day

retrograde velocity? 100-200 mm/day

anterograde protein? kinesin

retrograde protein? dynein

slow transport? through cytoplasm

slow transport velocity? 1-4 mm/day

common activators of metabotropic receptors (excitory) glutamate and aspartate

activation of metabotropic receptors leads to...(excitory synapse)? activation of postsynaptic terminal

activation of ionotropic receptors leads to (excitory synapse)...? EPSP

common activators of metabotropic receptors (inhibitory) GABA and glycine

activation of ionotropic receptors leads to (inhibitory synapse)...? IPSP

activation of metabotropic receptors leads to (inhibitory synapse)...? inactivation of postsynaptic terminal

removal of neurotransmitters from cleft? destruction, reuptake, diffuse out

the 5 classes of neurotransmitters? acetylcholine, monoamines, AA derivates, polypeptides, others

cotransmission? several neurotransmitters

benefit of cotransmission? strengthens and prolongs synaptic transmission

neuromodulation? regulation of amount of receptors and neurotransmitters

facilitation (2 ways)? increased frequency of stimulation and facilitatory neurons

neuronal pools? divergence and convergence

divergence input neuron connected to several output

convergence several input connected to one output

spatial summation? several neurons applying stimuli

temporal summation? several stimuli adding up

types of inhibition? postsynaptic and presynaptic

postsynaptic inhibition types? direct and indirect

dysinhibition? inhibition of inhibitor

skeletal muscle receptor? nicotinic cholinoreceptor

where is Ca++ stored? sarcoplasmic reticulum

motor neuron + muscle fiber = ... motor unit

stretchability can stretch

elasticity regains shape

plasticity can adapt

tropomyosin? blocks active sites

actin? contains active sites

myosin? binds to active sites

troponin contains...? C, T, I

troponin C? high affinity for Ca++

troponin I? binds to actin

troponin T? binds to tropomyosin

receptor on T-tubule of skeletal muscle? dihydropiridine

receptor on sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle? ryanodine

T-tubule receptor of skeletal muscle does what? conformational change when AP

sarcoplasmic reticulum receptor of skeletal muscle is...? voltage gated

ryanodine opens upon conformational change of dihydropiridine? electromechanical coupling

motor units activated at optimal suprathreshold have...? lowest excitability

motor units activated by threshold have...? highest excitability

how does Ca++ leave myocyte? calcium pumps

phases of single contraction? latent, contraction and relaxation

longest phase of single contraction? relaxation

types of tetanic contraction? incomplete and complete

when is the next stimulus given in incomplete tetanus? during relaxation

when is next stimulus given in complete tetanus? during contraction

why are tetanic contractions stronger than single? Ca++ build up

Isometric? length does not change

Isotonic tension does not change

Auxotonic? concentric and excentric

concentric? length shortens, tension increases

excentric? length increases

what does optimal sarcomere length mean? highest force of contraction

ATP is used in muscle for...? 1-3 s

phosphocreatin is used in muscle for...? 5-8 s

anaerobic glycolysis powers the muscle for...? 40-60 s

aerobic (oxidative) energy powers the cell during...? long exercise

anaerobic glycolysis requires? glucose

aerobic energy production can use...? glucose, fat, protein

the three types of muscle fibers? I, IIa, IIb

I muscle fiber? slow oxidative

IIa muscle fiber? fast oxidative-glycolytic

IIb muscle fiber? fast glycolytic

myoglobin stores...? oxygen

which muscle fiber has the most myoglobin? slow oxidative

which muscle fibers have the most glycogen? IIa, IIb

I muscle fiber appear...? red

IIa and IIb muscle fiber appear...? white

small motor units? <100 myocytes

big motor units? 100-1000 myocytes

smooth muscle innervated via...? autonomic NS

what nerve fibers innervate smooth muscle? c fibers

what is the smooth muscle synapse callaed? varicosity

neurotransmitters in sympathetic NS? norepinephrine and epinephrine

neurotransmitters in parasympathetic NS? acetylcholine

acetylcholine in smooth muscle binds to? muscarinic receptors

muscarinic receptors are...? G protein coupled

types of smooth muscle? unitary and multiunitary

unitary=...? visceral

multiunitary=...? non-visceral

unitary smooth muscle are... autonomous

multiunitary smooth muscle are...? dependent on neurons

multiunitary smooth muscle can be found...? eye, skin, big blood vessels

unitary smooth muscle can be found...? gastrointestinal and urogenital organs, small blood vessels

triggers of smooth muscle contraction...? electromechanical, pharmacomechanical, myogenic

electromechanical contraction in smooth muscle? voltage gated Ca++ channels open

pharmacomechanical contraction of smooth muscle? G protein coupled receptor activation

beta and gamma subunit respons leads to...? ligand gated Ca++ channels open

alpha sub unit response leads to...? PLC activation

PLC activation leads to...? IP3 and DAG production

IP3 and DAG production in smooth muscle leads to...? Ca++ release from SR

what are the inhibitory proteins of the smooth muscle? tropomyosin, caldesmon, calponin

what does caldesmon do? binds together tropomyosin and actin

what does calponin do? inhibits active site

calponin and caldesmon have...? high affinity for Ca-Calmodulin

in smooth muscle, Ca++ binds to...? calmodulin

Ca-Calmodulin complex activates...? MLCK

MLCK...? phosphorylates light chains of myosin

Ca-Calmodulin binds to...? calponin and caldesmon

Phosphorylation of light chains activates...? ATPase

ATPase activation leads to...? myosin head rotation

myogenic activation means...? deformation gated Ca++ channels open

sarcoplasmic reticulum receptor of smooth muscle is...? ligand gated

Klicka

Skriv

Lyssna

Spel

Skriv ut