Pragmatics 2

Contrastive pragmatics the study of culturally different ways of using language

conventional implicature an additional unstated meaning associated with the use of a specific word

Conventional implicatures example even included in any sentence describing an event, there is an implicature of contrary to expectation

conversational style particular way of participating in conversation

cooperative principle a basic assumption in conversation that each participant will attempt to contribute appropriately, at the required time, to the current exchange of talk

co-text the linguistic enviroment in which a word is used

co-text example Brazil wins World Cup. The co-text clearly limits the range of possible interpretations we might have for a word like Brazil

counterfactual presupposition the assumption that certain information is opposite of the true

counterfactual presupposition example If you were my friend, you would have helped me. You are not my friend

cross-cultural pragmatics the study of different expectations among different communities regarding how meaning is constructed

cultural schemata pre-existing knowledge structures based on experience in a particular culture

declaration a speech act that brings about change by being uttered, judge pronouncing a sentence

deference strategy feature of interactive talk emphasizing the non-personal and freedom from imposition

deference strategy example There´s going to be a party, if you can make it.

Deictic center The speaker´s location/time

deictic center example now

Deictic projection speakers acting as if they are somewhere else

deictic projection example I will come later= movement to addresse´s location

deixis pointing via language using a deictic expression this or here

directive a speech act used to get someone else to do something, for example an order

direct speech act speech act where a direct relationship exists between the structure and communicative function of an utterance, usin an interrogative form Can you ? to ask a question

discourse analysis the study of language use with reference to the social and physchological factors that influence communication

dispreferred the structurally unexpected next utterance as a response, an invitation is normally followed by an acceptance so a refusal is dispreferred

distal away from the speaker " that or " there "

ellipsis the absence of word or words from a structural slot

entailment something that logically follows from what is asserted

entailment example Mary´s brother bought three horses. The speaker will be expected to have the presupposition that a person called Mary exists and that she has a brother

essential condition covers the fact that by the act of uttering a promise, I thereby intend to create an obligation to carry out the action as promised

exclusive we addresse excluded

existential presupposition by using an expressions like the girl next door, there is a presupposition that this person exists.

explicit performative A speech act containing a performative verb

explicit performative example I hereby tell you that the work was done by Elaine and myself

expressive speech acts that state what the speaker feels or attitude an apology

face a person´s self-image

face saving act utterance or action which avoids a personal threat to a person´s self-image

Face saving act example perhaps you could ask him if he is going to stop soon

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