all pathways colloq 4

substrate and product for glycolysis glucose, pyruvate

substrate and product of anaerobic glycolysis glucose, lactate

substrate and product for oxidative decarboxylation pyruvate, acetyl-CoA

substrate and product of CAC (write number of each reducing cofactor) acetyl-CoA, 3 NADH+H+, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, 2 CO2

substrate and main product for ETC NADH+H+, FADH2, ATP

possible substrates for gluconeogenesis lactate, pyruvate, amino acids, glycerol

substrate for PPP glucose 6-phosphate

substrate for glycogen synthesis glucose

what reducing cofactor is gained from PPP needed for synthesis of fatty acids NADPH+H+

which enzyme in pyruvate shuttle give NADPH+H+ malic enzyme

which molecule is formed during glycolysis which is used for synthesis of glycerol dihydroxyacetone phosphate

activation of fatty acids with 1 AMP is needed before: ... ... beta oxidation

glycerol can be formed from: ... or ... glucose, pyruvate

phosphatidic acid = glycerol 3-phosohahate with 2 fatty acids TRUE OR FALSE true

fructose metabolism: fructose --> fructose 1-phosphate --> glyceraldehyde and ... ... dihydroxyacetone phosphate

fructose 1-phosphate stimulates enzyme ... so glucose is used for glycogenesis instead of glycolysis glucokinase

...-.-... is an enzyme that is only present in liver and turns G6P into glucose and thus the liver is the only organ that can do gluconeogenesis glucose-6-phosphatase

glycogenin is an enzyme that builds up glycogen and adds the first 8 glucose molecules TRUE OR FALSE true

GLUT4 is insulin ... and GLUT2 is insulin ... - GLUT2 is located in ... dependent, independent, liver

which shuttle transports acetyl-coa out of mitochondria for use in fatty acid synthesis malate aspartate shuttle

in glycolysis we invest .. ATP and we gain .. ATP (ATP molecules, not including reducing cofactors) 2, 4

which hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis in fight or flight epinephrine

which hormone stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis during starvation glucagon

insulin activates ... processes anabolic

galactose is turned into ..-... and thus it can be incorporated into glycogen UDP-glucose

galactose metabolism: galactose --> galactose 1-phosphate --> UDP-galactose --> UDP-glucose TRUE OR FALSE true

which hormone inhibits lipolysis insulin

which hormone inhibits glucose output from liver by inhibiting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis insulin

which pathway is upregulated in cancer cells in aerobic conditions anaerobic glycolysis

lactate facilitates ... in cancer cells angiogenesis

... can interact with transporters and enzymes causing food-drug interactions phytochemicals

which reducing cofactor is needed in cholesterol synthesis NADPH+H+

glycogen phosphorylase is an enzyme involved in ... glycogenolysis

which hormone upregulates glycogenesis insulin

which hormone stimulates glycogenolysis glucagon

gluconeogenesis is upregulated by glucagon

which GLUT does liver have GLUT2

fructolysis ends with ... ..-... entering ... or ... glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis

accumulation of fructose 1-phosphate is caused by deficiency in enzyme ... .. aldolase B

substrate and product for galactose metabolism galactose, UDP-glucose

accumulation of galactose cause formation of ... which leads to cloudy lens galactitol

substrate and product of glycerol metabolism glycerol, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

glyceroloneogenesis can be done with the same substrates as ... gluconeogenesis

substrate and most common product of ketogenesis acetyl-CoA, b-hydroxybutyrate

where does ketogenesis take place, tissue and cell compartment liver, mitochondria

name the 3 ketone bodies acetone, acetoacetate, b-hydroxybutyrate

substrate (most common) and product of utilization of ketone bodies b-hydroxybutyrate, acetyl-CoA

utilization of ketone bodies happens in ... ... extrahepatic tissue

when we break down ketone bodies we form ... which can enter CAC succinate

substrate and product of beta oxidation acyl-CoA, NADH+H+, FADH2, acetyl-CoA

uneven fatty acids form one molecule which even fatty acids doesnt form in beta oxidation, which molecule? propionyl-CoA

substrate and product of cholesterol synthesis acetyl-CoA, cholesterol

cholesterol synthesis happens mainly in the ... liver

how many isoprene units do we need for 1 cholesterol 6

substrate and product for ethanol metabolism ... --> ... --> ... ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetate

which 3 enzymes can be used in the first step of alcohol metabolism? catalase, alcohol dehydrogenase, CYP2E1

mobilization of TAGs is triggered by hormones glucagon, epinephrine

mobilization of fats/lipolysis is inhibited by insulin

malonyl-CoA inhibits ...-.../... ... acyl-carnitine/carnitine transporter

substrate and product of urea cycle carbamoyl phosphate, urea

which 2 molecules can transport ammonia to liver for urea cycle alanine, glutamine

which vitamin is needed for transamination reactions B6

substrate and product of fatty acid synthesis (2 substrates) acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, acyl-CoA

fatty acid biosynthesis happens mostly in ... but also in ... liver, adipocytes

TAG cycle happens between ... and ... adipocytes, liver

in TAG cycle, fatty acids are transported from adipocytes in the blood by ... albumin

in TAG cycle, liver secretes TAGs in ... VLDL

glycerol 3-phosphate + 2 fatty acids is called phosphatidic acid

phosphatidic acid is needed for synthesis of ... TAGs

alanine cycle happens between ... and ... muscles, liver

alanine transports ... from muscles to ... ammonia, liver

in alanine cycle, in the liver alanine gives away ... which forms ... from the alanine ammonia, pyruvate

malate aspartate shuttle is important for transport of ... which is formed in cytosol into ... NADH+H+, mitochondria

malate aspartate shuttle is important for ... which is formed in mitochondria to get out to cytosol acetyl-CoA

glycerol phosphate shuttle is important becuase it transports ... into mitochondria, this forms ... which enter complex 2 in ETC direclty NADH+H+, FADH2

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