Australia unit vocabulary

Aboriginal a person belonging to one of the indigenous peoples of Australia.

acknowledgement acceptance of the truth or existence of something

advantage a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position.

ancestor a person more remote than a grandparent from whom one is descended

annual occurring once every year

colonist a settler in or inhabitant of a colony; a person living in a country or area controlled politically by a more powerful country.

colonization the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area

colonize send a group of settlers to a place and establish political control over it

confinement the action of confining or state of being confined

compulsory required by law or a rule; obligatory

community a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common

condition state, circumstance

convict a person found guilty of a criminal offense and serving a sentence of imprisonment. (v.) declare (someone) to be guilty of a criminal offense by the verdict of a jury or the decision of a judge in a court of law

equal being the same in quantity or size or degree or value

equality the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities

descend from be a direct blood relative of a specified ancestor

descendant a person plant or animal that is descended from a particular ancestor

develop grow or cause to grow and become more mature, advanced, or elaborate

establishment a business organization or public institution

exchange give something and receive something of the same kind in return

execution the carrying out of a sentence of death on a condemned person; the carrying out or putting into effect of a plan, order, or course of action

foreign characteristic of a country or language other than one's own; strange and unfamiliar

hereditary based on inheritance; determined by genetic factors and therefore able to be passed on from parents to their offspring or descendants

heritage property that is or may be inherited; an inheritance

independence the fact or state of being independent

independent free from outside control; not depending on another's authority; self-reliant

indigenous originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native

increase become or make greater in size or amount or intensity or degree

inherit receive money or property or a title as an heir at the death of the previous holder

investigate carry out a systematic or formal inquiry to discover and examine the facts of (an incident, allegation, etc.) so as to establish the truth; carry out research or study into (a subject, typically one in a scientific or academic field) so as to discover facts or information

legacy a thing handed down by a predecessor

mourn feel regret or sadness about; feel or show deep sorrow for

penal relating to the punishment of offenders under the legal system

pride deep pleasure or satisfaction derived from one's own achievements: consciousness of one's own dignity

reconciliation the restoration of friendly relations

record a thing constituting a piece of evidence about the past, especially an account of an act or occurrence kept in writing or some other permanent form

relocate move to a new place and establish one's home or business there

settler a person who settles in an area, typically one with no or few previous inhabitants.

taint the act or result of spoiling something or giving it an unpleasant quality

trace find or discover by investigation

tribe a distinctive or close-knit group

voyage a long journey involving travel by sea or in space

significance the quality of being worthy of attention; importance

survey an investigation of the opinions of a group of people, investigate the opinions of by asking them questions

starvation suffering or death caused by hunger

tax a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions.

LGBTQI lesbian gay bisexual transgender queer (or questioning) and intersex

vote the right to indicate a choice in an election

accurate exact and without any mistakes

alleviate to make something bad such as pain or problems less severe.

apprenticeship a period of time working as an apprentice

aristocracy a class of people who hold high social rank

chill to become cold but not freeze

clue a sign or some information that helps you to find the answer to a problem, question, or mystery

cordial friendly but formal and polite

correctional facility a prison

dire very serious or extreme; very bad

disperse to spread across or move away over a large area, or to cause this to happen

docks (plural) a group of these areas of water in a port and the buildings around them

escort to go with a person or vehicle to make certain it arrives safely

etch to cut a picture into a smooth surface

fleet a group of ships

fug a condition that can exist in a small, crowded place when the air is not pure, especially because of smoke or heat

harbour an area of water next to the coast where ships and boats can shelter

in advance before a particular time, before doing a particular thing

index card a small card used to record information such as addresses, telephone numbers, etc. kept in a card index (= a small box with cards arranged in alphabetical order)

inevitable certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented

invoke to cause something to be used; bring into effect; to call on something or someone, esp. God, for help.

lineage the members of a person's family who are directly related to that person and who lived a long time before him or her

major more important or bigger or more serious than others of the same type

makeshift temporary and of low quality but used because of a sudden need

naval belonging to a country's navy, relating to military ships

offence an illegal act

penal institution a prison

penalty a punishment for doing something that is against a law

petty crime a type of crime that is not considered serious when compared with some other crimes

pinch to press something strongly between two hard things such as a finger and a thumb

pressure the force you produce when you press something; the act of trying to make someone else do something by arguing, persuading, etc.

prestige respect and admiration given to someone or something, usually because of a reputation for high quality, success, or social influence

retain to keep or continue to have something

self-righteousness the quality of believing that your ideas and behaviour are morally better than those of other people

sentence a punishment given by a judge in court to a person or organization after they have been found guilty of doing something wrong; (v.) to decide and say officially what a punishment will be

shorthand a system of writing that uses lines and symbols to represent words and is used to record what someone says as they are speaking

society a large group of people who live together in an organized way, making decisions about how to do things and sharing the work that needs to be done. All the people in a country, or in several similar countries, can be referred to as a society. An organization to which people who share similar interests can belong.

stain to permanently spoil something such as someone's reputation; to leave a mark on something that is difficult to remove (n.) a dirty mark; (literary) permanent damage to someone's reputation or character

surreptitious done secretly without anyone seeing or knowing

suspicion a belief or idea that something may be true; doubt or lack of trust

taint to damage the quality or taste or value of something, the act or result of spoiling something or giving it an unpleasant quality.

trail the smell or series of marks left by a person, animal, or thing as it moves along; various pieces of information that together show where someone you are searching for has gone

trial the hearing of statements and showing of objects, etc. in a law court to judge if a person is guilty of a crime or to decide a case or a legal matter

urgent very important and needing attention immediately

valuable worth a lot of money

native indigenous

repatriation the return of someone to their own country

dubious morally suspect, of questionable value

genocide the deliberate killing of a large group of people

motion a formal proposal put to a legislature or committee

verdict final decision or judgment

elation great happiness and exhilaration

anticipation waiting for something with excitement

tinge to very slightly change a color or feeling

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