Chapter 2

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• When scientists conduct a study without manipulating the environment or the animal Observational method
• When scientists manipulate a variable to see how it affects the behaviour of an organism Experimental method
• The control group does not experiece the manipulation but is treated similarly in all other aspects
• When scientists examine differences and similarities between species to understand behaviour Comparative method
• Ancestral traits are found in a common ancestor of two or more species
• Derived traits are found in more recently evolved species and not present in the common ancestor
• The falsification or fabrication of data Scientific misconduct
• What are the three R's? Replacement, reduction and refinement
• Using computer modelling, videotapes to substitute the need of actual animals Replacement
• Limiting the number of animal subjects to disturbance in teaching or research Reduction
• Improving procedures and techniques to minimise stress for animals Refinement
• Primary literature are the primary or original source of scientific information
• Peer review is when sceintists help decide if to accept or deny a paper for publication
• Secondary literature are sources to scientific information that already has been presented before. Sources like TV, radio etc.

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