embryo colloq 1

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• the embryoblast forms the hypoblast and epiblast during...? 2nd week
• the hypoblast in located on the ... side ventral
• the epiblast is located on the ... side dorsal
• the hypoblast consits of ... cells cuboidal
• the epiblast consists of ... cells columnar
• the bilaminar embryo is formed around day ... 7.5
• amniotic cavity appears on epiblast side around day ... 8
• chorionic cavity is formed in the extraembryonic mesoderm around ... week 2
• excessive amount of amniotic fluid (more then 1 l) is called... hydramnion
• too little amniotic fluid (less than 500 ml) is called oligohydramnion
• germ layer formation is called... gastrulation
• gastrulation marks the beginning of ... embryogenesis
• embryogenesis begins around day 15 or 16
• 4 major signalling molecules influencing primitive streak migration? chordin, nodal, cripto and Vg1
• the primitive node expresses three markes? chordin, goosecoid and HNF-3beta
• the epiblast forms... endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm
• the notochordal process is formed by migrating cells from... primitive node
• the anus develops from the ... cloacal membrane
• nuclei pulposi in the intervertebral discs are formed by... remnants of the notochord
• canalis neurentericus is formed temporarily in the notochord as... communication between amnion and yolk sac
• left-right asymmetry begins during... gastrulation
• at 5th week ... somite pairs have formed 42-45
• the first 5-7 cranial somites do not undergo ... segmentation
• identity of somites are controlled by... hox genes
• what regulates subdivision of somites into myotome, sclerotome and dermatome? ephrins
• sclerotome forms... vertebral column
• myotome forms... muscles of vertebral column
• dermatome forms ... dermis and tela subcutanea of vertebral column
• notochord secretes ... SHH
• SHH stimulates ... pax-1, pax-9 and organisation of sclerotome
• neural tube secretes... wnt-1 that influence dermatomyotome
• the endoderm develops into the... GI tract
• the primitive gut can be divided into... foregut, midgut and hindgut
• the midgut communicates via the ... with yolk sac vitelline duct
• foregut is bound with... buccopharyngeal membrane
• hindgut is bound with... cloacal membrane
• the notochord induces the ectoderm to develop the ... neuroectoderm
• the formation of neuroectoderm is called... neurulation
• neurulation starts around ... day 18
• the neuropores close around days... 24-26
• neuroporus anterior closes around... day 24
• neuroporus posterior closes around ... day 26
• neural crest form, among other things... spinal and autonomic ganglia
• the first cell condensation is called... blastema
• development of tissue and organs is realised via... induction, determination, differentiation, growth and regulation
• There are ... main groups of inductors 3
• Group 1 inductors consists of ... paracrine factors that induce from a distance
• Group 1 inducers can be divided into 5 subclasses which are... FGF, TGFbeta, Hedgehog genes, wnt genes, ephrins
• Group 2 inducers ... unites ECM proteins
• Group 3 inducers are ... surface proteins capable of juxtacrine induction
• induction is the initiation of development under ... influence environmental
• determination means that cells ... and depend on ... lose their omnipotence, epigenesis
• Differentiation is the development of the specific structures with distinct functions
• Growth is the ... increase in cell number, size and ECM
• regulation is the ability to produce a normal stucture even if cells are ... added or removed
• the opposite of regulation is ... mosaic
• Embryo folding starts in... 4th week
• folding commences in the cephalic and lateral region on ... day 22
• folding commences in the caudal region on ... day 23
• midline fusion transforms flat embryonic endoderm into a... gut tube with foregut, midgut and hindgut
• the intraembryonic coelom becomes... around 2nd month pericardial, pleural and peritoneal cavity
• diaphragm develops at the end of ... 4th week
• the diaphragm develops from ... septum transversus, dorsal mesentery, pleuroperitoneal membranes and somatopleura
• chrio-amniotic membrane is formed around ... week 6
• placentation starts on ... day 13
• the side of the chorion towards uteral lumen is called... smooth chorion
• during villous development epithelio-mesenchymal interaction is controlled by... hox genes, msx-2 and dlx-4
• decidual cells of decidua basalis disappear in the ... 1st trimester
• hormonally active cells of the peripheral trophoblast produce ... human chorionic gonadotropin
• HGC becomes detectable from ... day 8-9
• until week 20 the placental barrier consists of... syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, BM of epithelium, extraembryonic mesoderm, BM of endothelium, villous capillaries
• common placental functions... respiration, nutrition, excretion, protection, storage, hormonal production
• umbilical cord develops from... connecting stalk
• Generally bone formation is under the control of... hox genes
• desmocranium is seperated by... sutures
• chondrocranium is seperated by ... synchondroses
• upper limb buds appear around... day 24
• lower limb buds appear around... day 28
• upper limb with hand plate, forearm, arm, shoulder, lower limb with rounded caudal part in distal tip appears around... day 33
• hand plate derives carpal region, digital plate, thigh, leg, foot become more distinc around ... day 37
• finger rays are visible, apoptosis takes place in radial necrotic zones between digital rays, foot plate is clearly defined around ... day 38
• the grooves between fingers are deeper, elbows become clearly seen, tow rays are visible around ... day 44
• horizontal flexion is seen in upper limb, lower limb toe rays seperate, flexion begins towards the parasagittal plate around ... day 47
• bends appear at the elbow and tactile pads, lowers limbs become longer, digital plates are visible around ... day 52
• all regions are well developed, the fingers of two hands overlap at the midline around ... day 56
• lower limbs are also fully developed around ... day 60
• vertebral column derives from ... somites
• verterbal column development undergoes 3 stages: ... mesenchymal, cartilaginous and bone
• limb development starts with expression of ... FGF-10
• Apical ectodermal ridge (AER) expresses... FGF-2 and FGF-4
• proximodistal limb development is stimulated by... FGF, msx and hox
• anteroposterior limb development is stimulated by ... SHH and gli
• dorsoventral limb development is stimulated by... wnt and lmx
• inhibiting factors of limb development are ... BMP and retinoic acid
• ossification of limbs starts during ... week 6-7
• musculature develops via ... dorsal and ventral condensation
• musculature development is stimulated by ... HGF, pax-3, myo-d, FGF
• musculature development undergoes 3 stages... myoblast, immature skeletal striated muscle fiber and mature skeletal striated muscle fiber stage
• the dorsal muscle mass give rise to ... extensors and supinators of upper limb and extensors and abductors of lower limb
• the ventral muscle mass gives rise to ... flexors and pronators of upper limb and flexors and adductors of lower limb
• between 6th and 8th weeks limb buds rotate ... upper limbs laterally and lower limbs medially
• myogenesis is stimulated by... FGF and TGFbeta
• further growth and differentiation of mucle fiber is stimulated by ... insulin growth factor
• insulin growth factor initiates the production of... actin and myosin
• muscles of the trunk develop from ... myotomes
• the muscles of the head develops from ... cranial somites, prechordal mesoderm and branchial arches 1-4
• smooth musculature develops from ... lateral mesoderm
• cardiac muscle is developed from .... splanchnopleura
• production of sweat starts around ... 2-18 postnatal day
• dermis originate from... dermatome, lateral mesoderm, neural crest
• the epidermis derives from ... ectoderm
• periderm detaches around ... month 6
• the development of skin patterns continues until the end of ... month 5
• fingerprint patterns forms in palms during ... and on fingers during ... week 6.5, week 7.5
• superficial and deep skin vasculature develops during ... month 2-5
• hairs develop into dermis as ... epidermal proliferations
• sebaceous glands develop from epithelial buds of the epithelial root
• sweat glands develop as epithelial cords from ectoderm
• factors that stimulate epidermis proliferation are:... epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha, insulin, insulin growth factor, FGF and interleukin
• factors that inhibit epidermis proliferation are:... TGFbeta1 and TGbeta2, interferon and tumour necrosis factor
• from the beginning of liver heamatopoiesis embryonic haemoglobin is changed or... foetal haemoglobin
• foetal haemoglobin is changed for ... around week ... adult haemoglobin, 30
• blood develops in three periods:... megaloblastic period, intraembryonic haematopoiesis and medullary period
• the ... gene family is thought to play a role in haematopoiesis hox
• intraembryonic heamatopoiesis begins from... week 7
• medullary period starts after... month 6
• megaloblastic period lasts ... day 13-14-18
• the intraembryonic blood circulation starts around ... day 22
• development of angioblasts depend on ... VEGF-2 and VEGF-A
• sprouting depends on ... angiopoietin-1 and tie-2
• general phenotyping of circulatory system BV type depends on... Notch signalling
• endocaridal tubes form from... splanchnomesoderm
• cardiac jelly consists of... adherons
• adherons consists of... proteoglycans, fibronectin and matrix proteins
• after the ... the heart tube undergoes dextral looping week 3
• dextral looping is influenced by... HAND-1, HAND-2, mef-2 and nkx
• conducting system of heart derives from ... splanchnopleura
• transfer of cardiomyocytes into conducting cells is stimulated by ... endothelin-1
• sinus venosus handles... inflow
• bulbus cordis handles... outflow
• Bulbus cordis is divided into conus arteriosus and truncus arteriosus until the end of... week 7
• aortico-pulmonary septum develops as the result of ... 180 degree spiralling of conal region
• foramen ovale shunts ... of right atrium blood into ... druing second trimester 30%, left atrium
• during third trimester ... of right atrium blood is shunted into ... 20%, left atrium
• while the lungs are closed, blood from the ... flows through truncus pulmonalis into descending aorta via ... right ventricle, ductus arteriosus
• foramen ovale closes with ... first inspiration
• interventricular foramen closes around ... week 7
• the 1st a.a.a. becomes ... maxillary and external carotid arteries
• the 2nd a.a.a. becomes ... hyoid and stapedial arteries
• the 3rd pair of a.a.a. becomes ... common carotid and the proximal internal carotid arteries
• the 4th left and right a.a.a. respectively become ... aortic arch and proximal subclavian artery
• 5th a.a.a. if existent, becomes ... few capillary loops
• 6th pair of a.a.a. develops ... pulmonary arch, right and left pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus
• ductus arteriosus ... after birth obliterates
• three sets of arteries develop from the dorsal aorta:... dorsal intersegmental, lateral segmental and ventral segmental
• the dorsal intersegmental develops into... intercostal and lumbar arteries
• lateral segmental develops into... phrenic, suprarenal, renal and testicular/ovarian arteries
• ventral segmental develops into... truncus coeliacus, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
• most of the umbilical arteries ... after birth obliterate
• plica umbilicalis medialis et lateralis develop ... after birth
• small fraction of proximal umbilical arteries transform into... internal iliac and superior vesicular arteries
• the left vitelline artery ... obliterates
• the right vitellien artery gives small part of ... superior mesenteric artery
• the head arteries develops from two sources: ... external and internal carotid arteries, and vertebral arteries forming the basilar artery
• in week five the venous system consists of... vitelline, umbilical and cardinal veins
• the right cardinal vein becomes ... and the left one ... superior vena cava, degenerates
• an anastomosis between both precardinal veins forms... brachiocephalic vein
• the vitelline veins are intergrated into the ... capillary network of liver
• the left vitelline vein ... and the right one becomes ... degenerates, portal vein
• after birth the left umbilical vein tranforms into... round ligament of the liver
• lymphatic system appears around ... week 5
• lymphatic capillaries originate under the influence of ... VEGF-3
• the first 6 primary lymph sacs develop during ... week 6
• the first 6 primary lymph sacs are:... 2 jugular, 1 retroperitoneal, 1 cysterna chyli and 2 posterior lymph sacs
• lymphatic vessel connect sacs at the end of ... week 9
• ductus thoracicus orignates form ... cysterna chyli
• lymph nodes originate in the ... from ... folds of lymph sacs, mesenchyme cells
• the kidney develops in three sets:.... pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros
• the development of pronephros is initiated by paraxial mesoderm by expression of ... lim-1 and pax-2
• pronephros disappears around ... day 24-25
• pronephros develops from ... and interconnect with ... cervical nephrotomes, primary pronephric ducts
• pronehpros is ... nonfunctional
• at the end of ... a pair of ... appear from ... of thoracic and lumbar regions day 24, mesonephric ducts, nephrotomes
• the mesonephric duct fuses with the cloaca at the end of ... week 4
• ureteric bud develops near mesonephric duct in the cloaca around beginning of ... week 5
• mesonephroi contain ... pairs of functional ... 20, nephric units
• nephric units consist of:... glomeruli, bowmans capsule, mesonephric ducts, mesonephric tubules
• metanephros develops in ... week 5
• the metanephros from two sources:.... metanephrogenic blastema and ureteric bud
• ureteric outgrowth from mesonephric duct is stimulated by... secreted from ... glia derived neurotrophic factor, metanephrogenic blastema
• the ureteric bud forms... ureter, renal pelvis, calyces and collecting tubules
• in response to GDNF, ureteric buds secrete... FGF-2, BMP-7 and lif
• FGF-2, BMP-7 and lif from ureteric buds influence ... to form ... metanephric mesenchyme, renal tubules
• kidney are ... during embryogenesis lobulated
• by the middle of ... the metanephroi have ... lobes week 6, 2
• by the end of ... metanephroi have ... lobes week 16, 14-16
• urine production begins in ... and is secreted in ... week 11, amnion
• kidneys ascend from pelvis into abdomen between ... week 6-9
• urinary bladder and urethra derive from ... urogenital sinus
• urogenital sinus derive from ... anterior part of cloaca
• urogenital sinus consist of three parts:.... abdominal, pelvic and phallic
• urinary bladder develops from... abdominal urogenital sinus
• mesonephric duct and ureter open into urogenital sinus in ... week 7
• the genital system develops in three stages:... indifferent sex stage, differentiation of gonads, sexual differentiation of genital ducts and external genitalia
• between ... the urorectal septum divides the cloaca into:... week 4-6, anterior primitive urogenital sinus and posterior rectum
• the definitive urogenital sinus of the primitive urogenital sinus forms:... vestibule of vagina and penis urethra
• during ... the primitive sex cords develop from ... week 6, mesonephros and coelomic epithelium
• primitive sex cords consist of ... until ... cortex and medulla, week 6
• intermediate mesoderm express ... that influence kidney and ... development wt-1 gene, gonad
• ... is also a gene involved in early gonad development lim-1
• during ... the ... are formed from coelomic epithelium week 6, paramesonephric ducts
• sex differentiation depends on Y chromosome and three Y genes:... hv antigen, ZFY gene and Sry
• in embryos without Y chromosome differentiation is influenced by... which inhibits ... dax-1, testis formation
• during ... oogonia enter ... month 4, gonad

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