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• Etymology the study of word origins and how words have evolved over time. It delves into the historical development of language, tracing words back to their roots to understand their meanings and changes.
• Enrich to improve or enhance something by adding value, substance, or quality. This can apply to various aspects of life, such as knowledge, experiences, or a person's well-being.
• Word stock the total number of words or vocabulary available in a language. It encompasses all the words and expressions that speakers of a language can use to communicate.
• Classical origin the roots of something in classical antiquity, often referring to the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome. It indicates a source of inspiration or influence from that historical era.
• Renaissance a cultural and intellectual movement in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century. It marked a revival of interest in art, literature, and learning, leading to significant advancements in various fields.
• Linguistic consequences are the effects or outcomes resulting from language-related actions, changes, or events. They can include shifts in communication, cultural influence, and language evolution.
• Amber warm, golden-brown hue, resembling the color of fossilized tree resin and often associated with a rich, earthy tone.
• Roster a list or schedule that outlines the names of individuals, often in an organized manner, for specific purposes, such as work shifts, sports teams, or events.
• Tabby is a pattern on the fur of some cats, characterized by stripes, spots, or mottled markings. It is a common and distinctive coat type among domestic cats.
• Gimmick a clever or unique device, trick, or strategy used to attract attention or promote something. It often has a short-term or superficial appeal.
• Tonic to a substance that invigorates or restores health, such as a tonic drink. In music, it's the first note of a diatonic scale and is essential for harmonization.
• Cot portable bed, often made of a lightweight frame with a fabric stretched across it. It's commonly used for camping or as a temporary sleeping arrangement.
• Mumps is a contagious viral infection characterized by swollen salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands. It primarily affects children and can cause discomfort and complications
• Harakiri is a form of ritual suicide by disembowelment practiced by samurai in Japan. It was often performed to regain honor or avoid capture in disgrace.
• Palaver prolonged and often unnecessary talk or discussion, typically marked by empty or insincere words. It can also describe a fuss or commotion over a matter.
• Intelligentsia comprises the intellectual elite of a society, often characterized by their involvement in shaping culture, politics, and intellectual discourse.
• Dialects regional or social varieties of a language, characterized by differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. They reflect local and cultural identity.
• Sociolects are linguistic varieties associated with specific social groups or classes. They are shaped by social factors, including education, occupation, and socioeconomic status.
• Structural similarity shared patterns and common features in the organization of linguistic elements, such as grammar, syntax, and phonetics, among different languages or within the same language family. These similarities aid in language classification and analysis.
• Mutual intelligibility refers to the ability of speakers of closely related languages or dialects to understand each other without formal training. It implies a shared linguistic similarity that facilitates communication between the language varieties.
• Language families groups of related languages with common origins. They share linguistic features, vocabulary, and grammar due to historical connections. Examples include the Indo-European family (English, Spanish) and the Afroasiatic family (Arabic, Hebrew).
• Indo-European languages major language family that includes languages spoken across Europe, South Asia, and parts of Western and Central Asia. Examples include English, Spanish, Hindi, and Russian, sharing historical linguistic roots.
• Multilingualism is the ability to speak or understand multiple languages. It is common in regions with linguistic diversity or among individuals with varied language skills.
• Native speakers Individuals who learned a language from birth and use it as their primary means of communication. They have a natural and fluent command of the language.
• Census systematic survey or count of a population. It gathers demographic and other data for various purposes, including government planning and resource allocation.
• Cardinal directions the four main compass points: north, south, east, and west. They serve as a fundamental reference for navigation and orientation.
• Grammatical gender a linguistic feature that categorizes nouns as masculine, feminine, or neuter. It affects agreement in grammar, such as adjectives and pronouns.
• Devour to eat or consume something greedily and quickly. It can also metaphorically refer to consuming information or resources with great enthusiasm or intensity.
• Homogenization the process of making something uniform or consistent, often by blending or standardizing different elements.
• Anthropologist is a social scientist who studies human societies, cultures, and behavior. They investigate the customs, traditions, and evolution of human societies.
• Predispose means to make someone more likely to develop a particular condition or exhibit a certain behavior due to inherent factors or influences.
• Sapir-Whorf hypothesis the language one speaks shapes their perception of the world and influences thought. It suggests that different languages can lead to distinct cognitive and cultural perspectives due to their unique structures and vocabulary.
• Hotly contested it is the subject of intense debate, disagreement, or competition. It often involves strong opposing viewpoints or interests.
• Inner circle – Outer circle – Expanding circle are sociolinguistic concepts. The Inner circle represents native English-speaking countries, the Outer circle includes countries where English is a second language, and the Expanding circle comprises regions where English is taught as a foreign language. These categories help understand the global distribution and influence of English, reflecting its diverse roles and varieties in different contexts worldwide.
• Chief institutions are the primary organizations or bodies responsible for governing, managing, or providing key services within a society or a specific field.
• Lingua franca is a common language used for communication between people who speak different native languages. It serves as a bridge for trade, diplomacy, or cultural exchange, facilitating understanding and cooperation. Historically, languages like Arabic, Swahili, and English have served as lingua franca in various regions.
• Linguicide refers to the deliberate or accidental extinction of a language, often due to cultural assimilation, language suppression, or other factors.
• Truism is a self-evident or obvious truth, statement, or idea that doesn't provide new or insightful information.
• Newspeak is a fictional language in George Orwell's novel "1984." It's designed to limit freedom of thought and suppress dissent by eliminating words related to rebellion or freedom. It exemplifies totalitarian control, with a goal of diminishing the range of thought by reducing language to a simplistic and controlled form.
• Globalization refers to the worldwide interconnectedness and exchange of languages and cultures. It results from increased communication, trade, and migration, leading to the diffusion of languages and the rise of lingua francas like English as a means of international communication.
• Syntax the set of rules governing the arrangement and structure of words in a language to form meaningful sentences. It is a fundamental aspect of grammar.

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