Finals Muscle

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• Dendrotoxins a class of presynaptic neurotoxins produced by mamba snakes (Dendroaspis) that block particular subtypes of voltage-gated potassium channels in neurons, thereby enhancing the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions
• tetrodotoxin a potent neurotoxin; produced by certain infecting or symbiotic bacteria like pseudomonas; blocks voltage-dependent Na+ channels​
• fysostigmin a highly toxic parasympathomimetic alkaloid, specifically, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. It occurs naturally in the Calabar bean and the Manchineel tree.
• botulinum a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species.[1] It prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction and thus causes flaccid paralysis
• d-tubocarrine toxic alkaloid known for its use as an arrow poison in the mid-1900s, it was used in conjunction with an anesthetic to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation, blochs nicotinic Ach -recepetors
• Monoamine oxidase the main enzyme responsible for the degradation of catecholamines
• pterygopalantine, otic, ciliary, submandibular ganglions ganlions found in the parasympathetic nervous system
• ​B fibers preganglionic autonomic fibers
• c fibers Postganglionic axons are generally myelinated nerve fibers
• curare or hexamethonium​ blocks nicotinic receptors
• blocks muscarinic receptors Atropine
• neuromodulators multiple messenger molecules; synthesised, stored and released by neurons in the autonic ganglia
• Epimysium contains the whole muscle within an external sheat
• A band dark band, both thick filaments of myosin and ends of actin
• I band thin, filaments visible under a light microscope as light bands
• H zone a central region of the A band, occupied by a thick filaments only
• Nebulin A structural protein that wraps around the entire length of each thin actin filament; it helps anchor the thin filaments to the Z discs and regulates the length of the thin filaments during development. Helps align actin.
• Titin Protein that connects ​m-line to z-line ​, maintains the ​position of the myosin ​ in the center of the sarcomere and prevents the sarcomere from being pulled apart (resting tension). Provides elasticity and stabilizes myosin. Returns to resting position after actin contraction
• alpha 1 receptors located postsynaptically
• Spatial summation whole skeletal muscle, the force developed may be increased by ​increasing the number of contracting motor units, inc amplitude
• frequency summation If multiple action potential occurs close enough in time, the multiple twitches can summate
• muscle fatigue longer latent period, lower amplitude, lower excitability, lower maximal force, longer time of muscle relaxation, depleted energy stores
• Gonadotrophs cells producing LH & FSH
• somatotrophs cells producing human growth hormone
• Thyroid hormone increases the activity of the mitochondria
• organification of the thyroglobulin The binding of the iodine with the thyroglobulin molecule
• ​sympathetic preganglionic neurons are concentrated in the intermediolateral column
• Synthesis of norepinephrine starts in the axoplasm of terminal nerve endings of adrenergic nerve fibers but is completed inside the secretory vesicles.
• Paracrine hormones secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and affect neighboring target cells of a different type
• Autocrines secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and affect the function of the same cells that produced them
• Leptin receptor an example of enzyme-linked receptors, uses a tyrosine kinase pathway of the JAK family, its a dimer, binding to _____ induces a conformational change that enables phosphorylation/activation of intracellular associated JAK2 molecules. Secreted by fat cells important in the regulation of appetite and energy balance.

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