Kognitiv neuropsykologi begrepp

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• agnosia Partial or complete inability to recognize sensory stimuli, unexplainable by a defect in elementary sensation or by a reduced level of alertness
• agraphia Decline in or loss of the ability to write
• alexia Inability to read
• amnesia Partial or total loss of memory
• anomia Difficulty in finding words, especially those nam-ing objects
• anomic aphasia Inability to name objects; also called am-nesic aphasia
• anterograde amnesia Inability to acquire new memories subsequent to a disturbance such as head injury, electrocon-vulsive shock, or certain degenerative diseases
• aphasia Inability to speak or comprehend language despite the presence of normal comprehension and intact vocal mechanisms
• apperceptive agnosia Broad category of visual agnosias in which elementary sensory functions appear intact but a perceptual deficit prevents object recognition
• apraxia Inability, in the absence of paralysis or other motor or sensory impairment, to make or copy voluntary movements, especially an inability to make proper use of an object
• associative agnosia Inability to recognize or identify an object despite its apparent perception
• autobiographic (episodic) memory Memory of life experi-ences centered on the person him- or herself; a person’s recall of singular events that enables human beings to remember personal experiences
• Bálint’s syndrome Agnosic syndrome that results from large bilateral parietal lesions and is composed of three deficits: (1) paralysis of eye fixation with inability to look voluntarily into the peripheral visual field, (2) optic ataxia, and (3) disturbance of visual attention such that the periph-eral field is neglected
• bitemporal hemianopia Loss of vision in both temporal fields due to damage to the medial region of the optic chiasm that severs the crossing fibers
• conduction aphasia Type of fluent aphasia resulting from severing fiber connections between anterior and posterior speech zones; speech sounds and movements are retained, but speech is impaired because it cannot be conducted from one region to the other
• confabulation Creating imaginary but plausible experi-ences to fill gaps in memory
• crystallized intelligence Ability to retain and use knowl-edge acquired through prior learning and experience
• dorsal stream Visual processing pathway from the primary visual cortex to the parietal lobe; guides movements relative to objects
• dual-route theory Idea that reading written language is ac-complished by using two distinct but interactive procedures: the lexical and the nonlexical routes
• explicit memory Memory in which a participant can retrieve an item and indicate that he or she knows the item. Conscious, intentional remembering of events, facts, and personal experiences that depends on conceptually driven, top-down processing in which a person reorganizes the data to store it.
• fluent aphasia Speech disorder in which a person articulates words in a languagelike fashion, but what is said actu-ally makes little sense;usually results from damage to the left posterior cortex. (Wernicke’s aphasia)
• fluid intelligence Ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences
• fovea Region at the center of the retina that is specialized for high acuity; its receptive fields are at the center of the eye’s visual field
• hemianopia Loss of pattern vision in either the left or the right visual field
• implicit memory Nonconscious and nonintentional mem-ory of learned skills, conditioned reactions, and events
• multiple-trace theory Postulates both multiple kinds of amnesia, differentially susceptible to temporal-lobe injury, and of memory (autobiographic and factual and general seman-tic), and changes in memory over time
• nonfluent aphasia Impairment of speech subsequent to brain damage, particularly to the frontal part of the hemi-sphere dominant for speech; characterized by difficulty in articulating words
• optic ataxia Deficit in visually guided hand movements that cannot be ascribed to motor, somatosensory, or visual-field or -acuity deficits
• prosopagnosia Facial-recognition deficit not explained by defective acuity or reduced consciousness or alertness; rare in pure form and thought to be secondary to right parietal lesions or bilateral lesions
• pure aphasia Aphasia in the absence of other language dis-orders such as alexia or agraphia
• receptive field Area from which a stimulus can activate a sensory receptor
• reconsolidation theory Proposal that memories rarely consist of a single trace or neural substrate but are revised each time they are recalled or shared or elaborated on with others
• retrograde amnesia Inability to remember events that took place before the onset of amnesia
• scotoma Small blind spot in the visual field caused by small lesions, an epileptic focus, or migraines of the occipital lobe
• simultagnosia Agnosia symptom in which a person is un-able to perceive more than one object at a time
• system consolidation theory Idea that the hippocampus consolidates new memories, a process that makes them permanent then stores them in a new location, in the neocortex
• ventral stream Visual processing pathway from the pri-mary visual cortex to the temporal cortex for object identi-fication and perceiving related movements
• Wernicke–Geschwind model Theoretical model of the neurological organization of language involving a serial pas-sage of information from the auditory cortex to the posterior speech zone to the anterior speech zone
• emotionella minnen exempel Attraction, avoidance, fear
• arbetsminne A limited-capacity store for retaining information over the short term (maintenance) and for performing mental operations on the contents of this store (manipulation)
• exekutiva funktioner Paraplyterm för generella kontrollfunktioner som modulerar andra kognitiva processer - styr och reglerar informationsflödet i hjärnan. Exekutiva funktioner kan förklaras som arbetstiden i arbetsminnet, dvs manipulation delen
• Retinotop the mapping of visual input from the retina to neurons, particularly those neurons within the visual stream. For clarity, 'retinotopy' can be replaced with 'retinal mapping', and 'retinotopic' with 'retinally mapped'
• Stavar De är mest ljuskänsliga. De används när du ska se i mörker, men de kan inte skilja mellan olika färger. Stavarna ligger längst ut i kanterna på näthinnan
• Tappar De är färgkänsliga och används när belysningen är bra. Det finns tre olika sorter och de är mest känsliga för blått, grönt och rött. Färgblindhet eller defekt färgseende beror oftast på att vi har för få av dessa som kan uppfatta rött eller grönt. De flesta ligger i mitten av näthinnan, i en del som kallas gula fläcken
• Kortikal förstoring beskriver hur många nervceller i ett område av syncentrum är 'ansvariga' för att behandla en stimulans av en given storlek, som en funktion av synfältet plats
• blob / interblob Cells in the blobs take part in color perception; the interblobs have a role in form and motion perception.

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