lecture 7 physio

how do we calculate BMI mass/height^2

what is normal BMI (write unit) 18, 5-24, 9 kg/m2

above which BMI is obese (write unit) 30 kg/m2

essential fat for women (in percentage) 10-12

essential fat for men (in percentage) 2-4

under what percentage is considered underfat for women 21

under what percentage is considered underfat for men 8

what is healthy fat amount for women (in percentage) 21-33

what is healthy fat amount for men(in percentage) 8-19

what is considered overfat for women (in percentage) 33-39

what is considered overfat for men (in percentage) 19-25

above what is considered obesity for women (fat in percentage) 39

above what is considered obesity for men (fat in percentage) 25

what are the 2 gold standard methods to measure body fat percantage (write förkortning av nummer 2) underwater weighing, DEXA

what is this method called: we want to determine body fat percentage and we use a scale and person holds 2 electrodes in hands and we pass a weak electrical current throguh the body and measure resistance or impedance bioimpedance

how much of total body fluid is made of water (in percentage) 60

how much of total body fluid is made of substances that dissolve in water (in percentage) 40

how much of the body water is intracellular water (in percentage) 40

how much of the body water is extracellular water (in percentage) 20

how much of extracellylar body water is interstitial fluid (in percentage) 14

how much of extracellylar body water is blood plasma (in percentage) 5

how much of extracellylar body water is transcellular fluid (in percentage) 1

for infants how much of total body weight is body water (in percentage) 80

for old people how much of total body weight is body water (in percentage) 50

for females how much of total body weight is body water (in percentage) 45-60

for males how much of total body weight is body water (in percentage) 50-65

what are major extracellular ions: (3) sodium, chloride, bicarbonate

what are major intracellular ions (2): ..., ... ... potassium, organic anions

what is osmolarity inside and otuside the cells (unit = mOsm/L) 285-295

what do we use to determine total body water: labelled ... water

what do we use to determine extracellular water: labelled ... sodium

what do we use to determine plasma volume : labelled ... albumin

how do we determine intracellular water: ... - ... TBW - ECW

if cells are put in hypotonic solution they will: ... swell

if cells are put in hypertonic solution they will ... shrink

water intake should be between (write unti) 1, 5-2, 5 L/24 h

role of water intake: regulation of ... functions, ... physiological, transport

how much is water input from food (in ml/day) 1000

how much is water input from fluids (in ml/day) 1200

how much is water input from metabolism (in ml/day) 350

how much is water output in urine (in ml/day) 1250

how much is water output in faeces (in ml/day) 100

how much is water output in skin (in ml/day) 850

how much is water output in lungs (in ml/day) 350

if we are in a hot climate mostly ... and ... will increase water output skin, lungs

in which disease states does water output change: (4) diabetes, diarrhoea, fever, restrictive ventilation disorder

regulation of thirst: regulation centre is ... ... in ... preoptic area, hypothalamus

preoptic area sends information to ... ... which stimualtes drinking beahviour cerebral cortex

preoptic area sends impulses to cerebreal cortex and ... nucleus which release ... to stimulate water ... in kidenys paraventricular, vasopressin, reabsorption

regulation of thirst: the preoptic area can be stimulated by ... organ and nucleus ... ... subfornical, tractus solitary

subfornical organ is located in ... hypothalamus

subfornical organ can be stimulated by: increased ..., ... .. osmolarity, angiotensin II

subfornical organ can be inhibited by: ... ANP

nucleus tractus solitary is located ... hypothalamus and can be stimulated by ... receptors outside, peripheral

what stimulates nucleus tractus solitary: ... ... visceral osmoreceptors

what inhibits nucleus tractus solitary: arterial ... and ... receptors, ... receptors baroreceptors, cardiopulmonary, oropharyngeal

what hormone can be measured in blood to see if thirst centre is activated vasopressin

hunger and satiety centres are located in hypothalamus

hunger centre is located in ... hypothalamus lateral

satiety centre is located in ... and ... nuclei of hypothalamus ventromedial, paraventricular

short term regulation of food intake is activated within ... minutes 5

intermediate regulation is activated within ..-.. minutes 15-20

short term regulation leads to ... satiety sensory

short term regulation of food intake: receptors in ... ..., receptors in ..., receptors in ... ... and ... hormones oral cavity, stomach, small intestines, gastrointestinal

short term regulation of food intake: orexigenic hormones (1) ghrelin

short term regulation of food intake: anorexigenic hormones: (5) cholecystokinin, glucagon like peptide, pancreatic polypeptide, insulin

intermediate regulation of food itnake leads to ... satiety true

intermediate regulation of food intake is done by: what substances in blood and body ... glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, temperature

long term regulation of food intake is regulation of ... ... body weight

what hormone is responsible for long term regulation of food itnake leptin

what nucleus can stimulate hunger/satiety centre in hypothalamus arcuate nucleus

what is the part of arcuate nucleus called that stimulates hunger centre NPY and AGRP secreting neurons

what is the part of arcuate nuecleus called that stimulates satiety centre: ..-... ... (...) Pro-opiomelanocortin neurons, POMC

what does the anorexigenic neurons in arcuate nucleus secrete more than alpha-MSH: (skriv förkortning) CART

what cna stimulate NPY secretion from arcuate nucleus: ghrelin

which gland in stomahc is ghrelin released from oxyntic

what can stimulate POMC neurons activity: gastrointestinal tract, ... in blood, ... hormones, ... nutrients, gastrointestinal, leptin

receptors from short term regulation: oral, gastric, small intestine go via ... ... fibres to POMC neurons vagal nerve

if satiety centre in hypothalamus is activated it stimulates: ..., ..., T3 and T4 release lipolysis, thermogenesis

normal temperature of shell 13-40

factors affecting shell temperature: temperature of ... and ..., place of ..., ... flow in skin core, environment, measurement, blood

if it is cold outside the shell size will ... increase

if it is warm outside the shell temperture will ... in size decrease

normal values of core temperature 36-38

core temperature is affected by: ... of the day, ... phase of menstrual cycle, ... temperature, ... ..., ... time, luteal, environment, physical activity, age

hyperthermia is temperature in between: 38-40

mild hypothermia is temperature in between: 34-36

which is more severe hypothermia or hyperthermia hyperthermia

clinical places to measure core temperature: pulmonary artery, oesophageal, bladder, tympanic membrane

non-clinical measurements of core temperature: ..., ..., ... ... ..., ..., ... rectal, oral, external aural canal, axillar, forehead

heat production mechanisms: is basal metabolic rate, ... activity, ... nervous system physical, sympathetic

which organ produce most of the heat during basal metabolic rate liver

primary heat is released durign ... of ATP synthesis

secondary heat is released durign ... of ATP breakdown

heat loss mechanisms: ..., ..., ..., ... radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation

which heat loss mechanisms can also work as heat gain radiation, convection, conduction

control centre of temperature is located in ... hypothalamus

different thermoreceptors due to activation range: cold, warmth

different thermoreceptors due to localization: exteroreceptors, interoreceptors, central

cold receptors fires below ... degrees but is most active in between ..-.. 40, 26-28

warmth receptors activate above .. degrees, but is most active at .. degress 30, 45

exteroreceptors are located in the ... and most of these are ... skin, cold

interoreceptors are located in ... organs and ... ... internal, blood vessels

central thermorecrptors are lcoated in ... hypothalamus

thermoregulation: control centre in hypothalamus is located in ... ... preoptic area

impulses from thermoreceptors are sent to thermoregulatory centres: ... and ... ... hypothalamus, cerebral cortex

thermoregulation: what stimualtes preoptic area ... and ... thermoreceptors, skin ... receptors central, visceral, warmth

thermoregulation: what inhibits the preoptic area: skin ... receptors cold

if peroptic area is activated it stimulates heat ... loss

preoptic area inhibits ... hypothalamus dorsomedial

if the preoptic area is inhibited, dorsomedial hypothalamus will stimulate heat ... production

dorsomedial hypothalamus stimulates heat producion by affecting: ... ..., ... adipose tissue, ... ..., contraction of .. ... ..., .. and .. secretion skeletal muscles, brown, blood vessels, m. errector pili, T3, T4

dorsomedial activates ... nervous system which stimulate heat production sympathetic

mechanisms that decrease heat loss: ... and ... vasoconstriction, piloerection

mechanisms that increase heat loss ... and ... vasodilation, sweating

in case of bacterial or viral infection: immune system produce ... which stimulate hypothalamus to ... body temperature interleukins, increase

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