Phonetics glossary

morpheme smallest meaningful unit

go free morpheme example

-er, s, -ling bound morpheme 3 ex.

suffix a morpheme added to form a derivative

phonemes sound units that distinguish words but don't mean anything in themselves

[p] [b] pat bat phonemes example

IPA international phonetic association

voiceless sounds without vibration

voiced vibration of the vocal cords

vowels voiced or voiceless? always voiced

articulatory descriptions description of the movements of the speech organs when producing sounds

manner and place of articulation Fancy description of articulatory description

plosive explosive, releasing a burst of air by blocking the vocal tract

fricative friction, air forced through a narrow channel

[t] plosive example

[f] fricative example

affricate sound that starts as a plosive followed by a fricative

affricate example badge [dʒ]

nasal air escapes from the nose

[n] nasal example

lateral partially blocking the airstream, breath escapes along sides of the tongue

[l] lateral example

frictionless continuant sound produced without complete closure in the vocal oral cavity

[w] continuant example

w, y semivowel examples 2

place of articulation placement of the tongue

bilabial both lips /b/ /p/

labio-dental lower lips upper teeth /f/ /v/

labio-velar velum (gommen) /w/

apico-dental tip of tongue upper teeth /θ/ /ð/

apico-alveolar tip of tongue teeth ridge /s/ /z/

predorso palate-alveolar hard palate tongue /ʃ/

dorso palatal /j/

dorso velar /g/ /k/

glottal opening vocal folds /h/

phonetics study of sounds

phonology use of sounds in a particular language

allophone different sounds of the same phoneme e.g. dialects

minimal pair two identical sounding words with the exception of one phoneme

cat bat minimal pair example

vowels speech sounds produced without airflow hindrance

consonant speech sound produced with stopping or hindering airflow

manner of articulation how the speech organs produce sounds

place of articulation place in the mouth where particular sounds are produced

word stress the prominence of syllables in a word

sentence stress the prominence of words in a sentence

primary stress words with 2 or more syllables that are stressed on the 1st

article primary stress example

cigar primary stress exception

antepenultimate third-from-the-end rule

analysis antepenultimate example

elevator antepenultimate exception

romance suffixes (french) stressed on the last syllable

cavalier, balloon romance suffixes examples

statistical, contagion, physician words stressed on syllable before the suffic

stress on stem of the word words beginning with a prefix

yankee romance suffixes exception

catholic specific suffixes exception

absurd, foresee stem of the word example

impulse stem of the word exception

stress on prefix dual word class membership adjectives

stress on stem of the word dual word class membership verbs

'increase dual word class noun example

con'duct dual word class verb example

stress shift compounds and double stressed words

afternoon stress shift example

prosody intonation, rhythm and stress in speech

stress-timed rhythm stress normally at regular intervals

intonation indicator of words that carry the most important information

attitude marker provide the emotional state of the speaker

nucleus the most stressed syllable or most prominent word in the tone unit

tone unit integrated pitch movement centered around nucleus

falling tones you go down at the end of the uttarance

normal statements, WH, and tag questions examples of using falling tones

rising tones used for yes/no questions, echos, and asking for information (you go up)

pre-head, head, nucleus, tail 4 structures of the tone unit

glide nuclear tone other name

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