Tentamen Kognitiv Psykologi VT22

As tested by a psychologist, the capacity of Jerry’s short-term store for a wide range of items appears to be 11 items. Jerry’s short-term memory capacity is above average, average, not possible to establich, below average

Sperling found that iconic memory has short duration rather than low capacity, both short duration and low capacity, both long duration and high capacity, long duration but low capacity

Gambler's fallacy, that for example in roulette we may feel compelled to bet on black if the wheel stopped on red a few times in a row, shows that decision-making is influenced by representativeness, anchoring-and-adjustment, affect, availability

Which aspect of cognition seems to be most closely related to consciousness? attention, skill learning, automatic processing, implicit memory

When someone approaches us, we do not experience the person becoming larger with decreasing distance, despite the fact that the retinal image is changes dramatically. This phenomenon is called size constancy, proximal stimulation, distal stimulation, shape constancy

The Tower of Hanoi is a good example of what type of problem? well-defined problems, analogical problems, ill-defined problems, conditional problems

_______ amnesia refers to an impaired ability to remember events that took place after the damage that caused the amnesia anterograde, infantile, retrograde, global

According to the levels-of-processing framework, if you were shown semantically related words (e.g., dog and animal), rhyming words (e.g., dog and log), as well as unrelated words, the words most easily recalled would be the semantically related words, all words would be recalled about equally well, unrelated words, the words that rhyme

Which of the following is a test of working memory? digit span, digit-symbol coding, block design, tower-of-hanoi

Karen suffers from a peculiar perceptual deficit, such that she does not recognize her own face in the mirror. This phenomenon is called prosopagnosia, hemispatial neglect, visual neglect, spatial agnosia

It is useful to study visual illusions because they... provide clues about how the perceptual system works, demonstrate that the visual system can be deceived, are fascinating examples of erroneous perception, provide information about the brain regions involved

Which statement fits best with the cognitive view of the subconscious? The subconscious consists of... highly automatic processes, bottom-up processes, highly controlled processes, top-down processes

The Stroop interference, when trying to name the colours of incompatible colour words, should generally be stronger in ____ than in ____ adults/children, journalists/illustrators, psychologists/engineers, men/women

Long-term storage of declarative memories is primarily dependent on cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, the brain stem, cerebellum

The effect of prior knowledge on problem solving is positive in some circumstances and negative in others, always negative, neither positive nor negative, always positive

The process that results in the transformation of external information to mental representation is called encoding, retrival, inscription, storage

If a person's lips look like voicing "GA" but the sound produced is "BA", the sound perceived is typically a different phoneme — "DA". This is known as the mcgurk effect, the overshadowing effect, the phonemic restoration effect, the word superiority effect

If asked "are there more deaths per year due to murders or due to cancer of the digestive system?" to erroneously answer “murders" would be due to the availability heuristic, hindsight bias, the representativeness heuristic, the affect heuristic

The process by which the representation of a problem is changed in order to find the appropriate solution is known as restructuring, analogical problem solving, insight, trial and error learning

What is a common cause of superstitious beliefs? illusory correlation, confirmatory bias, hindsight bias, conjunction fallacy

In 1949, a group of firefighters set out to tackle a forest fire when suddenly the fire started to spread towards them. One firefighter, instead of trying to outrun the fire, survived by starting a smaller fire and then laying down in the patch of out-burned grass. What is this type of problem solving called? insight, functional fixedness, detour solution, progressive branching

What is NOT a form of attention? consciosness, shifting, vigilance, visual search

A structure that is essential to the encoding of new episodic memories: hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, putamen

The problem space theory (Newell & Simon) involves states and operations, restructuring and insight, analogies and transfer, trial and error

To create associations between the information we want to remember and knowledge we already have, is especially important for free recall, recognition, cued recall, word fragment completion

What is the curve called that results from plotting item position against recall performance in a typical free recall experiment? the serial position curve, the item position curve, the rehearsal curve, the power law

Deconstructing an object into a set of component features that can be compared to information in memory is known as feature analysis, fourier analysis, figure analysis, conjunct analysis

Declarative knowledge contains facts and personal events, perceptual and motor skills, mental models of the world, learned associations between stimuli

Identify the word missing from the sentence: Top-down processes may use context, expectations, and ____ knowledge, stimulus features, stimulus relations, stimulus-response assocations

When we read we remember, subconsciously and without effort, how letter symbols are transformed to language. This is an example of implicit memory, working memory, semantic memory, episodic memory

The Gestalt psychologists identified two main obstacles to insight, those are mental set and function fixedness, means-end and hill-climbing, incubation and brainstorming, re-structuring and insight

Perceptual priming is when the processing of a stimulus... is facilitated by a previous presentation of the stimulus, is subconscious before becoming conscious, becomes more thorough with each presentation, is driven by sensory data

The lexical bias of errors in speech production means that a speech error is most likely to be a real word, a mix of two words, a pseudoword, a segmentation error

Which brain area is primarily associated with deficits in language comprehension? wernicke's area, cerebellum, broca's area, orbitofrontal cortex

The phenomenon, studied by Rensink and colleagues (1997), of failing to notice the difference between two images of a scene separated by an eye blink (or simulated eye blink) is known as: change blindness, inattentional blindness, blindsight, choice blindness

Which of the following is an ”ill-defined” concept? pudding, electron, bachelor, odd number

In order to observe false memory in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm, the false memory items (critical lures) should have a strong assocation with the category, low association with the category, high frequency in the language, loq frequency in the language

The stop sign has a unique shape that facilitates its detection among other road signs. We can spot it easily by feature search, conjunction search, vigilance, divided attention

What brain structure is particularly important for planned behaviour? prefrontal cortex, the brain stem, the limbic system, parietal cortex

Which of these statements best fits how we should view perception? a combination of bottom-up and top-down best accounts for perception, top-down theories offer the best accounts of perception, there exists no satisfactory accounts of perception, bottom-up theories offer the best accounts of perception

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