The science of psychology (Kap 11)

motivation a process that influences the direction, persistance and vigour of goal-directed behaviour

instinct an inherited characteristics, common to all members of a species, that automatically produces a particular response when the organism is exposed to a particular stimulus

homoestasis a state of internal physiological equilibrium that the body strives to maintain

drives states of internal tension that motivates an organism to behave in ways that reduce this tension

learned helplessness learning that unpleasant stimuli cannot be avoided or controlled

behavioural activation system (BAS) roused to action by signals of potential reward and positive need gratification

behavioural inhibition system (BIS) responds to stimuli that signal potential pain, non-reinforcement and punishment

incentives environmental stimuli that pull an organism towards a goal

expectancy x value theory goal-directed behaviour is jointly determined by the strength of the person´s expectation that particular behaviours will lead to a goal and by the incentive value the individuals places on that goal

extrinsic motivation performing an activity to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment

intrisic motivation performing an activity for its own sake

self-actualization the need to fulfill our potential

self-trancendence moving beyond focus on the self and commiting oneself to the welfare of others, spiritual fultilment and commitment to a cuase higher than oneself

self-determination theory focuses on three fundamental psychological needs: competence, autonomy and relatedness

need for competence reflects a human desire to master new challanges and to perfect skills

need for autonomy represents the motivation to achieve greater freedom and regulation by the self, rather than by external forces

need for relatedness refers to the self´s desire to form meaningful bonds with others

positive psychology the study of the conditions and processes that contribute to the flourishing or optimal functioning of people, groups, and institutions

flow is the state of total involvement in an activity that requires optimal concentration

need for achievement a positive desire to accomplish tasks and compete successfully with standards of excellence

achievement goal theory focuses on the manner in which success is defined both by the individual and within the achievement situation itself

mastery orientation focus is personal improvement, giving maximum effort and perfecting new skills

ego orientation the goal is to outperform others (hopefully, with as little effort as possible)

motivational climate situation that encourages or rewards either a mastery approach or an ego approach to defining success

mastery-approach goals the desire to master a task and lran new knowledge or skills

ego-approach goals a competetive orientation that focuses on being judged favourably relative to other people

mastery-avoidance goals a fear of not performing up to one´s own standards

ego-avoidance goals avoiding being outperformed by others

2 x 2 achievement goal theory each of us can be described in terms of an ´achievement motivation profile´

approach-approach conflict when we face two attractive alternations and selecting one means losing the others

avoidance-avoidance conflict when we must choose between two undesirable alternatives

approach-avoidance conflict being attracted to and repelled by the same goal

emotions feeling (or affect) states that involve a pattern of cognitive, physiological and behavioural reactions to events

emotional intelligence the abilities to read others´ emotions accurately, to respond to them appropriately, to motivate oneself, to be aware of one´s own emotions, and to regulate and control one´s own emotional responses

eliciting stimuli stimuli that trigger cognitive appraisal and emotional responses

cognitive appraisal the interpretation and meaning that we attach to sensory stimuli

fight-or-flight response a physiological response of verebrates to short-term stress, fear of threat to survival

expressive behaviours the person´s observable emotional displays including facial, vocal and gestural signals

fundamental emotional patterns innate emotional reactions

instrumental behaviours directed at achieveing some emotion-relevant goal

James-Lange theory our bodily reactions determine the subjective emotion we experience

Cannon-Bard theory the subjective experiences of emotion and physiological arousal do not cause one another but instead are independent responses to an emotion-arousing situation

facial feedback hypothesis feedback from the facial muscles to the brain plays a key role in determing the nature and intensity of emotions that we experience

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