begrepp 1 genetics (col. 1) - SHORTER

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• 2 alleles of a gene segregate from each other in meiosis: each gamete has equal probability of obtaining either allele of the pair mendels 1 law
• the law of segregation --> is mendels .. law 1
• the law of independent assortment --> is mendels .. law 2
• the law of dominance --> is mendels .. law 3
• During gamete formation the segregation of the alleles of one allelic pair is independent of the segregation of the alleles of another allelic pair mendels 2 law
• In a heterozygote, one trait will conceal (täcka) the presence of another trait for the same characteristic because it is the dominant allele mendels 3 law
• refers to the genetic inheritance (crossing) that involves a single trait (ONE GENE) monohybrid crosses
• these are crosses that involves 2 traits. E.g., both shape of a plant AND colour of plant. The genotypes can for instance be RrYy * RrYy twohybrid crosses
• involve the study of the inheritance of more than two pairs of genes. E.g., plant shape, plant colour, plant height etc. polyhybrid crosses
• different types allelic variants of the same gene cause identical or similar phenotypes (e.g. a specific delition of gene code and a specific substitution of the same gene code will both cause identical phenotype) allelic heterogeneity
• changes in the DNA that occur in the cells of the body AFTER fertilization/becoming pregnant. These mutations are NOT passed on to the offspring somatic mutations
• changes in the DNA that are present in the reproductive cells (sperm or egg) and can be passed to the offspring germline mutations
• when reading these 2 words in a question then we do Hardy-Weinberg calculation incident number
• It describes the distribution of allelic variants in a population. population genetics
• If the question mentions this we should NOT use If the question mentions frequency
• is a principle that can be applied on population genetics and it states that the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next if there is no change in population hardy-weinberg equilibrium
• p + q = 1 describes ... ... allele frequency
• p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 describes ... ... genotype frequency
• p in p + q = 1 is dominant allele frequency
• q in p + q = 1 is recessive allele frequency
• p2 in p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 is homozygous dominant frequency
• 2pq in p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 is heterozygotes frequency
• q2 in p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 is homozygous recessive frequency
• A is autosomal dominant
• a is autosomal recessive
• a dominant inheritance is a genetic inheritance pattern in which a dominant gene is located on the "femal" chromosome X-linked dominant
• what is the probability that a duaghter is affected when the mother is X-linked dominant 50%
• what is the probability that a son is affected when the mother is X-linked dominant 50%
• what is the probability that a duaghter is affected when the mother is X-linked recessive 0%
• what is the probability that a son is affected when the mother is X-linked recessive 50%
• what is the probability that a duaghter is a CARRIER when the mother is X-linked recessive 50%
• is an inheritance pattern in which a recessive gene is located on the "female" chromosome X-linked recessive
• trait determining gene is located in male specific region of Y chromosome. ONLY males can be affected holandric
• what is the probability that a son is affected when we talk about holandric 100%
• what is the probability that a daughter is affected when we talk about holandric 0%
• regions are unique because they undergo genetic recombination during meiosis, similar to autosomal chromosomes, allowing for exchange of genetic material between X and Y chromosomes. pseudoautosomal regions
• genetic disorders caused by mutations in the sex genes that undergo genetic recombination during meiosis pseudoautosomal disorder

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