embryo colloq 1

The exercise was created 2024-10-07 by latinarkul. Question count: 214.

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  • the embryoblast forms the hypoblast and epiblast during...? 2nd week
  • the hypoblast in located on the ... side ventral
  • the epiblast is located on the ... side dorsal
  • the hypoblast consits of ... cells cuboidal
  • the epiblast consists of ... cells columnar
  • the bilaminar embryo is formed around day ... 7.5
  • amniotic cavity appears on epiblast side around day ... 8
  • chorionic cavity is formed in the extraembryonic mesoderm around ... week 2
  • excessive amount of amniotic fluid (more then 1 l) is called... hydramnion
  • too little amniotic fluid (less than 500 ml) is called oligohydramnion
  • germ layer formation is called... gastrulation
  • gastrulation marks the beginning of ... embryogenesis
  • embryogenesis begins around day 15 or 16
  • 4 major signalling molecules influencing primitive streak migration? chordin, nodal, cripto and Vg1
  • the primitive node expresses three markes? chordin, goosecoid and HNF-3beta
  • the epiblast forms... endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm
  • the notochordal process is formed by migrating cells from... primitive node
  • the anus develops from the ... cloacal membrane
  • nuclei pulposi in the intervertebral discs are formed by... remnants of the notochord
  • canalis neurentericus is formed temporarily in the notochord as... communication between amnion and yolk sac
  • left-right asymmetry begins during... gastrulation
  • at 5th week ... somite pairs have formed 42-45
  • the first 5-7 cranial somites do not undergo ... segmentation
  • identity of somites are controlled by... hox genes
  • what regulates subdivision of somites into myotome, sclerotome and dermatome? ephrins
  • sclerotome forms... vertebral column
  • myotome forms... muscles of vertebral column
  • dermatome forms ... dermis and tela subcutanea of vertebral column
  • notochord secretes ... SHH
  • SHH stimulates ... pax-1, pax-9 and organisation of sclerotome
  • neural tube secretes... wnt-1 that influence dermatomyotome
  • the endoderm develops into the... GI tract
  • the primitive gut can be divided into... foregut, midgut and hindgut
  • the midgut communicates via the ... with yolk sac vitelline duct
  • foregut is bound with... buccopharyngeal membrane
  • hindgut is bound with... cloacal membrane
  • the notochord induces the ectoderm to develop the ... neuroectoderm
  • the formation of neuroectoderm is called... neurulation
  • neurulation starts around ... day 18
  • the neuropores close around days... 24-26
  • neuroporus anterior closes around... day 24
  • neuroporus posterior closes around ... day 26
  • neural crest form, among other things... spinal and autonomic ganglia
  • the first cell condensation is called... blastema
  • development of tissue and organs is realised via... induction, determination, differentiation, growth and regulation
  • There are ... main groups of inductors 3
  • Group 1 inductors consists of ... paracrine factors that induce from a distance
  • Group 1 inducers can be divided into 5 subclasses which are... FGF, TGFbeta, Hedgehog genes, wnt genes, ephrins
  • Group 2 inducers ... unites ECM proteins
  • Group 3 inducers are ... surface proteins capable of juxtacrine induction
  • induction is the initiation of development under ... influence environmental
  • determination means that cells ... and depend on ... lose their omnipotence, epigenesis
  • Differentiation is the development of the specific structures with distinct functions
  • Growth is the ... increase in cell number, size and ECM
  • regulation is the ability to produce a normal stucture even if cells are ... added or removed
  • the opposite of regulation is ... mosaic
  • Embryo folding starts in... 4th week
  • folding commences in the cephalic and lateral region on ... day 22
  • folding commences in the caudal region on ... day 23
  • midline fusion transforms flat embryonic endoderm into a... gut tube with foregut, midgut and hindgut
  • the intraembryonic coelom becomes... around 2nd month pericardial, pleural and peritoneal cavity
  • diaphragm develops at the end of ... 4th week
  • the diaphragm develops from ... septum transversus, dorsal mesentery, pleuroperitoneal membranes and somatopleura
  • chrio-amniotic membrane is formed around ... week 6
  • placentation starts on ... day 13
  • the side of the chorion towards uteral lumen is called... smooth chorion
  • during villous development epithelio-mesenchymal interaction is controlled by... hox genes, msx-2 and dlx-4
  • decidual cells of decidua basalis disappear in the ... 1st trimester
  • hormonally active cells of the peripheral trophoblast produce ... human chorionic gonadotropin
  • HGC becomes detectable from ... day 8-9
  • until week 20 the placental barrier consists of... syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, BM of epithelium, extraembryonic mesoderm, BM of endothelium, villous capillaries
  • common placental functions... respiration, nutrition, excretion, protection, storage, hormonal production
  • umbilical cord develops from... connecting stalk
  • Generally bone formation is under the control of... hox genes
  • desmocranium is seperated by... sutures
  • chondrocranium is seperated by ... synchondroses
  • upper limb buds appear around... day 24
  • lower limb buds appear around... day 28
  • upper limb with hand plate, forearm, arm, shoulder, lower limb with rounded caudal part in distal tip appears around... day 33
  • hand plate derives carpal region, digital plate, thigh, leg, foot become more distinc around ... day 37
  • finger rays are visible, apoptosis takes place in radial necrotic zones between digital rays, foot plate is clearly defined around ... day 38
  • the grooves between fingers are deeper, elbows become clearly seen, tow rays are visible around ... day 44
  • horizontal flexion is seen in upper limb, lower limb toe rays seperate, flexion begins towards the parasagittal plate around ... day 47
  • bends appear at the elbow and tactile pads, lowers limbs become longer, digital plates are visible around ... day 52
  • all regions are well developed, the fingers of two hands overlap at the midline around ... day 56
  • lower limbs are also fully developed around ... day 60
  • vertebral column derives from ... somites
  • verterbal column development undergoes 3 stages: ... mesenchymal, cartilaginous and bone
  • limb development starts with expression of ... FGF-10
  • Apical ectodermal ridge (AER) expresses... FGF-2 and FGF-4
  • proximodistal limb development is stimulated by... FGF, msx and hox
  • anteroposterior limb development is stimulated by ... SHH and gli
  • dorsoventral limb development is stimulated by... wnt and lmx
  • inhibiting factors of limb development are ... BMP and retinoic acid
  • ossification of limbs starts during ... week 6-7
  • musculature develops via ... dorsal and ventral condensation
  • musculature development is stimulated by ... HGF, pax-3, myo-d, FGF
  • musculature development undergoes 3 stages... myoblast, immature skeletal striated muscle fiber and mature skeletal striated muscle fiber stage
  • the dorsal muscle mass give rise to ... extensors and supinators of upper limb and extensors and abductors of lower limb
  • the ventral muscle mass gives rise to ... flexors and pronators of upper limb and flexors and adductors of lower limb
  • between 6th and 8th weeks limb buds rotate ... upper limbs laterally and lower limbs medially
  • myogenesis is stimulated by... FGF and TGFbeta
  • further growth and differentiation of mucle fiber is stimulated by ... insulin growth factor
  • insulin growth factor initiates the production of... actin and myosin
  • muscles of the trunk develop from ... myotomes
  • the muscles of the head develops from ... cranial somites, prechordal mesoderm and branchial arches 1-4
  • smooth musculature develops from ... lateral mesoderm
  • cardiac muscle is developed from .... splanchnopleura
  • production of sweat starts around ... 2-18 postnatal day
  • dermis originate from... dermatome, lateral mesoderm, neural crest
  • the epidermis derives from ... ectoderm
  • periderm detaches around ... month 6
  • the development of skin patterns continues until the end of ... month 5
  • fingerprint patterns forms in palms during ... and on fingers during ... week 6.5, week 7.5
  • superficial and deep skin vasculature develops during ... month 2-5
  • hairs develop into dermis as ... epidermal proliferations
  • sebaceous glands develop from epithelial buds of the epithelial root
  • sweat glands develop as epithelial cords from ectoderm
  • factors that stimulate epidermis proliferation are:... epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha, insulin, insulin growth factor, FGF and interleukin
  • factors that inhibit epidermis proliferation are:... TGFbeta1 and TGbeta2, interferon and tumour necrosis factor
  • from the beginning of liver heamatopoiesis embryonic haemoglobin is changed or... foetal haemoglobin
  • foetal haemoglobin is changed for ... around week ... adult haemoglobin, 30
  • blood develops in three periods:... megaloblastic period, intraembryonic haematopoiesis and medullary period
  • the ... gene family is thought to play a role in haematopoiesis hox
  • intraembryonic heamatopoiesis begins from... week 7
  • medullary period starts after... month 6
  • megaloblastic period lasts ... day 13-14-18
  • the intraembryonic blood circulation starts around ... day 22
  • development of angioblasts depend on ... VEGF-2 and VEGF-A
  • sprouting depends on ... angiopoietin-1 and tie-2
  • general phenotyping of circulatory system BV type depends on... Notch signalling
  • endocaridal tubes form from... splanchnomesoderm
  • cardiac jelly consists of... adherons
  • adherons consists of... proteoglycans, fibronectin and matrix proteins
  • after the ... the heart tube undergoes dextral looping week 3
  • dextral looping is influenced by... HAND-1, HAND-2, mef-2 and nkx
  • conducting system of heart derives from ... splanchnopleura
  • transfer of cardiomyocytes into conducting cells is stimulated by ... endothelin-1
  • sinus venosus handles... inflow
  • bulbus cordis handles... outflow
  • Bulbus cordis is divided into conus arteriosus and truncus arteriosus until the end of... week 7
  • aortico-pulmonary septum develops as the result of ... 180 degree spiralling of conal region
  • foramen ovale shunts ... of right atrium blood into ... druing second trimester 30%, left atrium
  • during third trimester ... of right atrium blood is shunted into ... 20%, left atrium
  • while the lungs are closed, blood from the ... flows through truncus pulmonalis into descending aorta via ... right ventricle, ductus arteriosus
  • foramen ovale closes with ... first inspiration
  • interventricular foramen closes around ... week 7
  • the 1st a.a.a. becomes ... maxillary and external carotid arteries
  • the 2nd a.a.a. becomes ... hyoid and stapedial arteries
  • the 3rd pair of a.a.a. becomes ... common carotid and the proximal internal carotid arteries
  • the 4th left and right a.a.a. respectively become ... aortic arch and proximal subclavian artery
  • 5th a.a.a. if existent, becomes ... few capillary loops
  • 6th pair of a.a.a. develops ... pulmonary arch, right and left pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus
  • ductus arteriosus ... after birth obliterates
  • three sets of arteries develop from the dorsal aorta:... dorsal intersegmental, lateral segmental and ventral segmental
  • the dorsal intersegmental develops into... intercostal and lumbar arteries
  • lateral segmental develops into... phrenic, suprarenal, renal and testicular/ovarian arteries
  • ventral segmental develops into... truncus coeliacus, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
  • most of the umbilical arteries ... after birth obliterate
  • plica umbilicalis medialis et lateralis develop ... after birth
  • small fraction of proximal umbilical arteries transform into... internal iliac and superior vesicular arteries
  • the left vitelline artery ... obliterates
  • the right vitellien artery gives small part of ... superior mesenteric artery
  • the head arteries develops from two sources: ... external and internal carotid arteries, and vertebral arteries forming the basilar artery
  • in week five the venous system consists of... vitelline, umbilical and cardinal veins
  • the right cardinal vein becomes ... and the left one ... superior vena cava, degenerates
  • an anastomosis between both precardinal veins forms... brachiocephalic vein
  • the vitelline veins are intergrated into the ... capillary network of liver
  • the left vitelline vein ... and the right one becomes ... degenerates, portal vein
  • after birth the left umbilical vein tranforms into... round ligament of the liver
  • lymphatic system appears around ... week 5
  • lymphatic capillaries originate under the influence of ... VEGF-3
  • the first 6 primary lymph sacs develop during ... week 6
  • the first 6 primary lymph sacs are:... 2 jugular, 1 retroperitoneal, 1 cysterna chyli and 2 posterior lymph sacs
  • lymphatic vessel connect sacs at the end of ... week 9
  • ductus thoracicus orignates form ... cysterna chyli
  • lymph nodes originate in the ... from ... folds of lymph sacs, mesenchyme cells
  • the kidney develops in three sets:.... pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros
  • the development of pronephros is initiated by paraxial mesoderm by expression of ... lim-1 and pax-2
  • pronephros disappears around ... day 24-25
  • pronephros develops from ... and interconnect with ... cervical nephrotomes, primary pronephric ducts
  • pronehpros is ... nonfunctional
  • at the end of ... a pair of ... appear from ... of thoracic and lumbar regions day 24, mesonephric ducts, nephrotomes
  • the mesonephric duct fuses with the cloaca at the end of ... week 4
  • ureteric bud develops near mesonephric duct in the cloaca around beginning of ... week 5
  • mesonephroi contain ... pairs of functional ... 20, nephric units
  • nephric units consist of:... glomeruli, bowmans capsule, mesonephric ducts, mesonephric tubules
  • metanephros develops in ... week 5
  • the metanephros from two sources:.... metanephrogenic blastema and ureteric bud
  • ureteric outgrowth from mesonephric duct is stimulated by... secreted from ... glia derived neurotrophic factor, metanephrogenic blastema
  • the ureteric bud forms... ureter, renal pelvis, calyces and collecting tubules
  • in response to GDNF, ureteric buds secrete... FGF-2, BMP-7 and lif
  • FGF-2, BMP-7 and lif from ureteric buds influence ... to form ... metanephric mesenchyme, renal tubules
  • kidney are ... during embryogenesis lobulated
  • by the middle of ... the metanephroi have ... lobes week 6, 2
  • by the end of ... metanephroi have ... lobes week 16, 14-16
  • urine production begins in ... and is secreted in ... week 11, amnion
  • kidneys ascend from pelvis into abdomen between ... week 6-9
  • urinary bladder and urethra derive from ... urogenital sinus
  • urogenital sinus derive from ... anterior part of cloaca
  • urogenital sinus consist of three parts:.... abdominal, pelvic and phallic
  • urinary bladder develops from... abdominal urogenital sinus
  • mesonephric duct and ureter open into urogenital sinus in ... week 7
  • the genital system develops in three stages:... indifferent sex stage, differentiation of gonads, sexual differentiation of genital ducts and external genitalia
  • between ... the urorectal septum divides the cloaca into:... week 4-6, anterior primitive urogenital sinus and posterior rectum
  • the definitive urogenital sinus of the primitive urogenital sinus forms:... vestibule of vagina and penis urethra
  • during ... the primitive sex cords develop from ... week 6, mesonephros and coelomic epithelium
  • primitive sex cords consist of ... until ... cortex and medulla, week 6
  • intermediate mesoderm express ... that influence kidney and ... development wt-1 gene, gonad
  • ... is also a gene involved in early gonad development lim-1
  • during ... the ... are formed from coelomic epithelium week 6, paramesonephric ducts
  • sex differentiation depends on Y chromosome and three Y genes:... hv antigen, ZFY gene and Sry
  • in embryos without Y chromosome differentiation is influenced by... which inhibits ... dax-1, testis formation
  • during ... oogonia enter ... month 4, gonad

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