important numbers lecture 3

The exercise was created 2024-03-19 by feliciajonsssson. Question count: 101.

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  • frequency of heart pumping 60-100 x/min
  • ejection pressure in left ventricle (in resting state) 125-130 mmHg
  • ejection pressure in right ventricle (in resting state) 25-30 mmHg
  • stroke volume 60-100 ml
  • cardiac output 4-6 L/min
  • duration of atrial systole 0, 1 s
  • duration of ventricular systole 0, 3 s
  • duration of isovolumetric contraction (ventricular systole) 0, 04 s
  • duration of ejection (ventricular systole) 0, 26 s
  • duration of common diastole or pause 0, 4 s
  • duration of isovolumetric relaxation (part of common diastole) 0, 08 s
  • duration of passive filling (part of common diastole) 0, 32 s
  • pressure during atrial systole in left ventricle 5-10 mmHg
  • pressure during atrial systole in right ventricle 4-6 mmHg
  • pressure in aorta during ventricular systole, ejection phase (diastolic pressure) 60-80 mmHg
  • pressure in pulmonary trunk during ventricular systole, ejection phase (diastolic pressure) 10-15 mmHg
  • pressure in left ventricle during ventricular systole, ejection phase (ejection pressure) 125-130 mmHg
  • pressure in right ventricle during ventricular systole, ejection phase (ejection pressure) 25-30 mmHg
  • amount of blood filled in passive filling (in percentage) 80 %
  • amount of blood filled in active filling (in percentage) 20 %
  • minimal pressure in aorta (diastolic pressure) 60-80 mmHg
  • minimal pressure in pulmonary trunk (diastolic pressure) 10-15 mmHg
  • frequency of heart sound I 30-50 Hz
  • frequency of heart sound II 50-70 Hz
  • end diastolic volume in ventricle 110-150 ml
  • stroke volume 60-100 ml
  • reserve volume 20-40 ml
  • residual volume 10-20 ml
  • part of filling phase which is passive filling 2/3
  • part of filling phase which is active filling 1/3
  • cardiac output during rest 4-6 L/min
  • cardiac output during physical activity 15-30 L/min
  • cardiac output during physical activity for untrained person 15-20 L/min
  • cardiac output during physical activity for aerobic sport athletes 30-35 L/min
  • lung ventilation for males at rest 6-10 L/min
  • lung ventilation for males in physical activity 140-180 L/min
  • normal cardiac index 2.5-4 L/min/m2
  • pressure in left ventricle during filling phase when end diastolic volume is reached 10 mmHg
  • pressure in left ventricle during fast ejection phase 125-130 mmHg
  • pressure in left ventricle during passive ejection phase 100 mHg
  • pressure in left ventricle during isovolumetric relaxation (end systolic volume) 5 mmHg
  • centres in sympathetic nervous system which innervates the heart T1-4
  • centres in parasympathetic nervous system which innervates the heart nervus vagus nuclei in medullary region
  • Ejection fraction = can be described as the heart's pumping capacity, i.e. how much of the heart's diastolic volume is pumped out with each heartbeat: TRUE/FALSE true
  • formula for ejection fraction: ejection fraction = ...... ejection fraction = SV/EDV
  • ejection fraction shows hearts pumping capacity, it looks at how much of the total volume in the ventricle during diastole (EDV) will be ejected during ejection (SV):TRUE/FALSE true
  • what volumes makes up the end systolic volume (ESV)? ... ..., ... ... reserve volume, residual volume
  • name of the volume that is always in the ventricle? residual volume
  • name of the volume that can stay in the ventricle efter ejection or can be ejected together with SV during exercise? reserve volume
  • name of the volume that is ejected out of the ventricles? stroke volume
  • what volumes makes up the end diastolic volume (EDV)? ... ..., ... ..., ... ... stroke volume, reserve volume, residual volume
  • how to calculate stroke volume (e.g. if you have a graph)? stroke volume = ..... stroke volume = EDV - ESV
  • formula cardiac output? CO = .... CO = SV * HR
  • formula cardiac index: cardiac index = ... cardiac index = CO/m2
  • vad påvärkar stroke volume: (3 st, ) ... ..., ... of ..., .../... in ... venous return, contractility of heart, pressure/resistance in aorta
  • if HR increases then CO decreases, bc the duration of diastole (when ventricles are filled) decreases more then the systole -> decreased amount of blood fills the ventricles: TRUE/FALSE true
  • even though the SV decreases the cardiac output increases due to the increase in heart rate, UNTIL a certain point: TRUE/FALSE true
  • formula pressure-volume work, A: A = .... (hole names) A = pressure * delta volume
  • formula kinetic energy: E = (...*...)/... (hole names --> the parameters is based on the blood)) E = (mass * velocity)/2
  • Tension time index (Spänningstidsindex) takes the biggest part of energy expenditure (energiförbrukning) of the heart (external work only makes up 3%): TRUE/FALSE true
  • formula tension index: T = .... (hole words) T = tension * delta time
  • (FILL) ... regulation length of cardiac muscle cells changes, which changes their force of contraction heterometic
  • venous return = preload: TRUE/FALSE true
  • venous return = afterload: TRUE/FALSE false
  • increased resistance/presser in aorta = increased afterload: TRUE/FALSE true
  • until a certain limit, increase of heart rate leads to increase of force of contraction -> duration diastole decrease -> during diastole Ca2+outflux takes please -> more Ca2+ remains in the cardiac muscle: TRUE/FALSE true
  • Postextrasystolic potentiation is Related to the increased force of contraction in the next contraction after an extra systole: TRUE/FALSE true
  • Increased ... leads to bigger resistance in aorta which decreases .. and increase .. -> In the following systole we will have increased EDV, so the stretch of the wall is greater -> greater force of contraction & SV: (FILL) afterload, SV, EDV
  • higher afterload can be achieved by vasoconstriction of periphery because then pressure in aorta increases: TRUE/FALSE true
  • The Iodine containing hormones T3 & T4 can upragulate the numbers of ... receptors on the ... muscle (FILL) beta-1, cardiac
  • Glucocorticoids numbers of upregulates ... receptors on cardic muscles cell causing ... force of contraction (FILL) alpha-1, increased
  • High extracellular calcium concentration -> the cardiac muscle can take up more Ca2+ -> stronger contraction: TRUE/FALSE true
  • write Ohms law of blood flow = Q: Q = ..... (full words) Q = pressure difference / resistance
  • formula blood flow, Q when we have taken all parameters of resistance into account: Q = (....) / (....) (full words) Q = (pressure difference * pi * radius^2) / (8 * viscosity * length)
  • Poiseuille´s law does NOT take elasticity of the blood vessel wall into consideration: TRUE/FALSE true
  • formula total peripheral resistance (TRP): TRP = (..../...) * .. (använd förkortningar) TRP = (MAP-CVP / CO) * 80
  • in series circulation if Resistance changes in 1 vessel it will not infleunce the other vessels so much bc formula for total resistance is R=(1/R1) + (1/R2).... : TRUE/FALSE false
  • in Parallel circulation if Resistance changes in 1 vessel it will not infleunce the other vessels so much bc formula for total resistance is R=(1/R1) + (1/R2).... : TRUE/FALSE true
  • in series circulation if Resistance changes in 1 vessel it will infleunce the other vessels much bc formula for total resistance is R= R1 + R2.... : TRUE/FALSE true
  • formula reynold´s number, Re: Re = (....)/.. (full names) Re = (2 * velocity * density * radius) / viscosity
  • if retnold´s number, Re is SMALLER than ... it is ... flow (FILL) 2000, laminar
  • if retnold´s number, Re is BIGGER than ... it is ... flow (FILL) 2000, turbulent
  • in which types of vessels does the pulsations due to the cardiac cycle STOP arterioles
  • formula pulse wave velocity, PWV: PWV = ... between 2 measuring sites / ... deley (full names) PWV = distance between 2 measuring sites / time deley
  • pulse pressure is the same as .. SV
  • pulse pressure = Ps - Pd: TRUE/FALSE true
  • HIGH Augmentation index = indicator of arterial stiffness: TRUE/FALSE true
  • what is Augmentation index for a 20 yers old person: ..% 70%
  • what is Augmentation index for a OLD person: ..% above 100%
  • Ankle Brachial index (ABI) = It compares the blood pressure in the ankles with the blood pressure in the arms, providing information about potential peripheral arterial disease: TRUE/FALSE true
  • formula ankle-brachial index (ABI): ABI = ... ... ... / ... ... ... (the highest one) ABI = ankle systolic pressure / brachial systolic pressures (the highest one)
  • Normal ABI = 0, 9 – 1, 3: TRUE/FALSE true
  • normal systolic blood pressure (in arteries): ..-.. (provide unit) 90-120 mmHg
  • normal diastolic blood pressure (in arteries): ..-.. (provide unit) 60-80 mmHg
  • normal mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) (in arteries): ..-.. (provide unit) 70-100 mmHg
  • formula for MAP: MAP = ..... (förkortningar) MAP = 1/3 * Ps + 2/3 * Pd
  • normal pulse pressure (in arteries): ..-.. (provide unit) 30-60 mmHg
  • when we calculate MAP we use 1/3 and 2/3 this is because -> 1/3 of cardiac cycle is systole and 2/3 diastole: TRUE/FALSE true
  • Rapid control mechanisms -> activates within ..., continue working for ... (FILL) seconds, minutes
  • Intermediate control mechanisms -> activates within ..., continue working for ... (FILL) minutes, hours
  • Slow control mechanisms -> activates within ..., continue working for ... hours, days

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