Kapitel 12

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• Resting membrane potential means that the inside of the membrane is negative in relation to the outside of the membrane
• Depolarization the inside of the membrane becomes less negative and approaches zero
• Hyperpolarization the inside of the membrane becomes more negative and comes further from zero in negative values
• Excitable cells neurons, muscle fibers and some others have the ability to generate electrical signals
• Voltage clamp an electronic device that allows the experimenter to measure whole –cell ionic current, by setting the membrane potential very quickly to a predetermined value
• Nonspiking neurons neurons that only produce graded membrane potentials, this because it lacks voltage-gated sodium
• Pacemaker potentials as in the heart, the faster the depolarization occurs, the faster it approaches the stimulus threshold that gives the action potential and a faster heart rate
• Nodes of Ranvier In axons with myolin, the action potential only occurs at the points where the myolin is not present

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