Kapitel 15

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• Nervous system an organized constellation cell specialized for the repeated conduction of electrical signals within and between cells. From sensory cells to neurons to glands/ muscles and organs that carry out an action
• Effector organ, tissue or cell that act under the direction of nervous system or endocrine system
• Peripheral ganglia collections of neuronal cell bodies associated with peripheral nerves.
• Grey matter composed by neuron cell bodies (internal part of the spinal cord)
• White matter consisting of tracts of myelinated axons -> gives it the white color. (External part of the spinal cord)
• Cranial nerves PNS nerves that connect to CNS in the brain
• Spinal nerves PNS nerves that connect to CNS in the spinal cord
• Exocrine glands Discharge secretion into the environment or internal body cavities
• Sympathetic, parasympathetic link the CNS with autonomic effectors
• Pre-ganglionic neuron Extended from CNS to ganglion
• Post-ganglionic neuron Extended from ganglion to effector
• Enteric division Largely contained in the walls of the gut with some connections to the CNS
• Cholinergic Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter that’s released from Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons and is often called this
• Adrenergic Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter that’s released from Sympathetic postganglionic neurons and is often called this
• Biological clock Endogenous physiological timing mechanisms that rhythmically modulate the functions of cells, tissues and organs
• Endogenous rhythms Rhythms that are kept even in the absence of environmental information about time
• Period time between one part of the rhythm one day until the same part is performed in the next cycle of the rhythm
• Circadian rhythms ndogenous rhythms that has a rhythm of about a day In phase = if to rhythms are occur synchronously
• Free-running rhythm When environmental cues are absent the biological rhythm is this. Often leads to a rhythm longer or shorter than the 24-hour a day rhythm
• Entertainment Keeps the rhythm to 24 hours a day by cues from the environment like light/ darkness, temperature, sound and food availability
• Photoperiods Periods during the year that indicates what time of the year it is and what the animals are supposed to do then, like reproductions in the spring

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