physiology

The exercise was created 2023-11-27 by latinarkul. Question count: 134.

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  • excitable tissues? muscle, secretory, neural
  • Aalpha fibers? efferent to skeletal muscle
  • Agamma fibers? efferent to muscle spindle
  • C fibers? autonomic postganglionic
  • B fibers? autonomic preganglionar
  • A+B fibers are...? myelinated
  • C fibers are...? unmyelinated
  • Aalpha velocity? 70-120 m/s
  • Agamma velocity? 15-30 m/s
  • C fiber velocity? 0.5-2.5 m/s
  • Ia fibers? afferent from muscle spindle
  • Ib fibers? afferent from golgi tendon receptor
  • II fibers? afferent touch, pressure, proprioreception
  • III fibers? afferent pain, cold temp
  • IV fibers? afferent pain, warm temp
  • Ia, Ib, II and III are...? myelinated
  • IV fibers are...? unmyelinated
  • Ia and Ib velocity? 70-120 m/s
  • IV velocity? 0.5-2.5 m/s
  • II velocity? 30-70 m/s
  • III velocity? 12-30 m/s
  • larger length constant means...? higher velocity
  • larger diameter of nerve fiber means...? greater length constant
  • time constant? how quickly nerve fiber gains or loses charge
  • fast axonal transport? anterograde and retrograde
  • anterograde velocity? 200-400 mm/day
  • retrograde velocity? 100-200 mm/day
  • anterograde protein? kinesin
  • retrograde protein? dynein
  • slow transport? through cytoplasm
  • slow transport velocity? 1-4 mm/day
  • common activators of metabotropic receptors (excitory) glutamate and aspartate
  • activation of metabotropic receptors leads to...(excitory synapse)? activation of postsynaptic terminal
  • activation of ionotropic receptors leads to (excitory synapse)...? EPSP
  • common activators of metabotropic receptors (inhibitory) GABA and glycine
  • activation of ionotropic receptors leads to (inhibitory synapse)...? IPSP
  • activation of metabotropic receptors leads to (inhibitory synapse)...? inactivation of postsynaptic terminal
  • removal of neurotransmitters from cleft? destruction, reuptake, diffuse out
  • the 5 classes of neurotransmitters? acetylcholine, monoamines, AA derivates, polypeptides, others
  • cotransmission? several neurotransmitters
  • benefit of cotransmission? strengthens and prolongs synaptic transmission
  • neuromodulation? regulation of amount of receptors and neurotransmitters
  • facilitation (2 ways)? increased frequency of stimulation and facilitatory neurons
  • neuronal pools? divergence and convergence
  • divergence input neuron connected to several output
  • convergence several input connected to one output
  • spatial summation? several neurons applying stimuli
  • temporal summation? several stimuli adding up
  • types of inhibition? postsynaptic and presynaptic
  • postsynaptic inhibition types? direct and indirect
  • dysinhibition? inhibition of inhibitor
  • skeletal muscle receptor? nicotinic cholinoreceptor
  • where is Ca++ stored? sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • motor neuron + muscle fiber = ... motor unit
  • stretchability can stretch
  • elasticity regains shape
  • plasticity can adapt
  • tropomyosin? blocks active sites
  • actin? contains active sites
  • myosin? binds to active sites
  • troponin contains...? C, T, I
  • troponin C? high affinity for Ca++
  • troponin I? binds to actin
  • troponin T? binds to tropomyosin
  • receptor on T-tubule of skeletal muscle? dihydropiridine
  • receptor on sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle? ryanodine
  • T-tubule receptor of skeletal muscle does what? conformational change when AP
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum receptor of skeletal muscle is...? voltage gated
  • ryanodine opens upon conformational change of dihydropiridine? electromechanical coupling
  • motor units activated at optimal suprathreshold have...? lowest excitability
  • motor units activated by threshold have...? highest excitability
  • how does Ca++ leave myocyte? calcium pumps
  • phases of single contraction? latent, contraction and relaxation
  • longest phase of single contraction? relaxation
  • types of tetanic contraction? incomplete and complete
  • when is the next stimulus given in incomplete tetanus? during relaxation
  • when is next stimulus given in complete tetanus? during contraction
  • why are tetanic contractions stronger than single? Ca++ build up
  • Isometric? length does not change
  • Isotonic tension does not change
  • Auxotonic? concentric and excentric
  • concentric? length shortens, tension increases
  • excentric? length increases
  • what does optimal sarcomere length mean? highest force of contraction
  • ATP is used in muscle for...? 1-3 s
  • phosphocreatin is used in muscle for...? 5-8 s
  • anaerobic glycolysis powers the muscle for...? 40-60 s
  • aerobic (oxidative) energy powers the cell during...? long exercise
  • anaerobic glycolysis requires? glucose
  • aerobic energy production can use...? glucose, fat, protein
  • the three types of muscle fibers? I, IIa, IIb
  • I muscle fiber? slow oxidative
  • IIa muscle fiber? fast oxidative-glycolytic
  • IIb muscle fiber? fast glycolytic
  • myoglobin stores...? oxygen
  • which muscle fiber has the most myoglobin? slow oxidative
  • which muscle fibers have the most glycogen? IIa, IIb
  • I muscle fiber appear...? red
  • IIa and IIb muscle fiber appear...? white
  • small motor units? <100 myocytes
  • big motor units? 100-1000 myocytes
  • smooth muscle innervated via...? autonomic NS
  • what nerve fibers innervate smooth muscle? c fibers
  • what is the smooth muscle synapse callaed? varicosity
  • neurotransmitters in sympathetic NS? norepinephrine and epinephrine
  • neurotransmitters in parasympathetic NS? acetylcholine
  • acetylcholine in smooth muscle binds to? muscarinic receptors
  • muscarinic receptors are...? G protein coupled
  • types of smooth muscle? unitary and multiunitary
  • unitary=...? visceral
  • multiunitary=...? non-visceral
  • unitary smooth muscle are... autonomous
  • multiunitary smooth muscle are...? dependent on neurons
  • multiunitary smooth muscle can be found...? eye, skin, big blood vessels
  • unitary smooth muscle can be found...? gastrointestinal and urogenital organs, small blood vessels
  • triggers of smooth muscle contraction...? electromechanical, pharmacomechanical, myogenic
  • electromechanical contraction in smooth muscle? voltage gated Ca++ channels open
  • pharmacomechanical contraction of smooth muscle? G protein coupled receptor activation
  • beta and gamma subunit respons leads to...? ligand gated Ca++ channels open
  • alpha sub unit response leads to...? PLC activation
  • PLC activation leads to...? IP3 and DAG production
  • IP3 and DAG production in smooth muscle leads to...? Ca++ release from SR
  • what are the inhibitory proteins of the smooth muscle? tropomyosin, caldesmon, calponin
  • what does caldesmon do? binds together tropomyosin and actin
  • what does calponin do? inhibits active site
  • calponin and caldesmon have...? high affinity for Ca-Calmodulin
  • in smooth muscle, Ca++ binds to...? calmodulin
  • Ca-Calmodulin complex activates...? MLCK
  • MLCK...? phosphorylates light chains of myosin
  • Ca-Calmodulin binds to...? calponin and caldesmon
  • Phosphorylation of light chains activates...? ATPase
  • ATPase activation leads to...? myosin head rotation
  • myogenic activation means...? deformation gated Ca++ channels open
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum receptor of smooth muscle is...? ligand gated

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