Pragmatics 2

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• Contrastive pragmatics the study of culturally different ways of using language
• conventional implicature an additional unstated meaning associated with the use of a specific word
• Conventional implicatures example even included in any sentence describing an event, there is an implicature of contrary to expectation
• conversational style particular way of participating in conversation
• cooperative principle a basic assumption in conversation that each participant will attempt to contribute appropriately, at the required time, to the current exchange of talk
• co-text the linguistic enviroment in which a word is used
• co-text example Brazil wins World Cup. The co-text clearly limits the range of possible interpretations we might have for a word like Brazil
• counterfactual presupposition the assumption that certain information is opposite of the true
• counterfactual presupposition example If you were my friend, you would have helped me. You are not my friend
• cross-cultural pragmatics the study of different expectations among different communities regarding how meaning is constructed
• cultural schemata pre-existing knowledge structures based on experience in a particular culture
• declaration a speech act that brings about change by being uttered, judge pronouncing a sentence
• deference strategy feature of interactive talk emphasizing the non-personal and freedom from imposition
• deference strategy example There´s going to be a party, if you can make it.
• Deictic center The speaker´s location/time
• deictic center example now
• Deictic projection speakers acting as if they are somewhere else
• deictic projection example I will come later= movement to addresse´s location
• deixis pointing via language using a deictic expression this or here
• directive a speech act used to get someone else to do something, for example an order
• direct speech act speech act where a direct relationship exists between the structure and communicative function of an utterance, usin an interrogative form Can you ? to ask a question
• discourse analysis the study of language use with reference to the social and physchological factors that influence communication
• dispreferred the structurally unexpected next utterance as a response, an invitation is normally followed by an acceptance so a refusal is dispreferred
• distal away from the speaker " that or " there "
• ellipsis the absence of word or words from a structural slot
• entailment something that logically follows from what is asserted
• entailment example Mary´s brother bought three horses. The speaker will be expected to have the presupposition that a person called Mary exists and that she has a brother
• essential condition covers the fact that by the act of uttering a promise, I thereby intend to create an obligation to carry out the action as promised
• exclusive we addresse excluded
• existential presupposition by using an expressions like the girl next door, there is a presupposition that this person exists.
• explicit performative A speech act containing a performative verb
• explicit performative example I hereby tell you that the work was done by Elaine and myself
• expressive speech acts that state what the speaker feels or attitude an apology
• face a person´s self-image
• face saving act utterance or action which avoids a personal threat to a person´s self-image
• Face saving act example perhaps you could ask him if he is going to stop soon

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