Psychology

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• repression a motivational process that protects us by blocking the conscious recall of anxiety-arousing memories
• prospective memory remembering to perform an activity in the future
• retrograde amnesia memory loss for events that took place sometime in life before the onset of amnesia
• anterograde amnesia memory loss for events that occur after the initial onset of amnesia
• dementia impaired memory and other cognitive deficits that accompany brain degeneration and interfere with normal functioning
• Alzheimer's disease (AD) a progressive brain disorder that is the most common cause of dementia among adults over the age of 65
• retroactive interference occurs when newly acquired information interferes with the ability to recall information learned at an earlier time
• proactive interference occurs when material learned in the past interferes with recall of newer material
• decay theory with time and disuse the long- term physical memory trace in the nervous system fades away
• mood-congruent recall we tend to recall information or events that are congruent with our current mood
• state-dependent memory our ability to retrieve information is greater when our internal state at the time of retrieval matches our original state during learning
• associative network a massive network of associated ideas and concepts
• mnemonist (or memorist) a person who displays extraordinary memory skills
• schema a mental framework - an organized pattern of thought -about some aspect of the world
• mnemonic device a memory aid
• dual coding theory encoding information using both verbal and visual codes enhances memory because the odds improve that at least one of the codes will be available later to support recall
• method of loci a memory aid that associates information with mental images of physical locations
• maintenance rehearsal simple, rote repetition
• elaborative rehearsal focusing on the meaning of information or expanding (i.e., elaborating) on it in some way
• levels of processing the more deeply we process information, the better we will remember it
• long-term memory our vast library of more durable stored memories
• serial position effect the ability to recall an item is influenced by the item's position in a series
• working memory a limited-capacity system that temporarily stores and processes information
• chunking combining individual items into larger units of meaning
• short-term memory memory store that temporarily holds a limited amount of information
• memory codes mental representations of some type of information or stimulus
• sensory memory briefly holds incoming sensory information
• memory the processes that allow us to record, store, and later retrieve experiences and information
• encoding getting information into the system by translating it into a neural code that your brain processes
• storage retaining information over time
• retrieval processes that access stored information
• retrieval cue a stimulus, whether internal or external, that activates information stored in long-term memory
• explicit memory conscious or intentional memory retrieval, as when you consciously recognize or recall something
• implicit memory when memory influences our behaviour without conscious awareness
• procedural (non-declarative) memory reflected in skills and actions
• declarative memory factual knowledge
• episodic memory knowledge concerning personal experiences: when, where, and what happened in the episodes of our lives
• semantic memory general factual knowledge about the world and language, including memory for words and concepts
• neural network (connectionist) models each memory is represented by a unique pattern of interconnected and simultaneously activated nodes
• parallel distributed processing (PDP) models neural network (connectionist) models
• priming the activation of one concept (or one unit of information) by another
• autobiographical memories memory for the events of one's life
• flashbulb memories recollections that seem so vivid, so clear, that we can picture them as if they were snapshots of moments in time
• encoding specificity principle memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during encoding
• context-dependent memory it typically is easier to remember something in the same environment in which it was originally encoded
• infantile amnesia memory loss for early experiences
• source confusion our tendency to recall something or recognize it as familiar but to forget where we encountered it
• memory consolidation hypothetical and gradual binding process
• long-term potentiation (LTP) enduring increase in synaptic strength
• overlearning continued rehearsal past the point of initial learning, and it significantly improves performance on memory tasks

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