Psykologi Cap 1-5

Cognitive psychological A psychological perspective that investigate information processing thinking, reasoning, and problem solving

Development psychological A psychological perspective that examines that normal changes in behavior that occur across the life span

Social psychological A psychological perspective that examines the effect of social environment on the behavior of individuals

Cultural diversity Variations in the practices, values, and goals shared by groups of people

personality An individual’s characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving

Clinical psychology Explains, defines and treats psychological disorders and promotes general well-being

Biological and evolutionary psychology Investigates the connections among mind, behavior, and biological processes, and asks how our evolutionary past continues to shape our behavior

Relatedness Is defined as the probability that two people share copies of the same allele from a common ancestor.

Behavior genetics The scientific field that attempts to identify and understand links between genetics and behavior

Heritability The statistical likelihood that variations observed in a population are because of genetics.

concordance rates The statistical probability that a trait in one person will be shared by another, usually discussed in relation to identical and fraternal twins.

Genomewide association study /GWAS A scan of complete sets of DNA from many participants, which is performed to look for variation associated with a particular phenotype, condition, or disease.

Epigenetics The study of gene-environment interaction in the production of phenotypes

Histones Are protein structures around which your DNA is wound.

DNA methylation is a biological process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule. Methylation can change the activity of a DNA segment without changing the sequence. • DNA methylation occurs when a methyl group (one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms) attaches to the DNA molecule. These modifications affect the likelihood that particulate gens will be expresses or silences

Mechanism of Epigenetic Change Two processes for producing epigenetic change are histone modification and DNA methylation.

Genotype An individual’s genetic makeup. E.g. A person might have an allele for freckles and an allele for no freckles.

Phenotype An individual´s observable trait. E.g. a person has green eyes.

Gene A sequence of DNA in specific location on a chromosome that contains the instructions for making a protein. E.g. The serotonin transporter gene is located on chromosome 17.

Gene expression Information from a gene is used to produce a protein. E.g. maternal diet in mice can affect the expression of the agouti gene.

allele One of two more possible variations of a gene. E.g. a small number of BRCA1 alleles are associated with cancer risk

Homozygous Having two of the same alleles. E.g. A person has the SS or the LL form of the serotonin transporter gene.

Heterozygous Having two different alleles. E.g. A person has the SL form of the serotonin transport gene.

Dominant An allele that is expressed regardless of whether it is homozygous or heterozygous the allele for freckles is dominant

Recessive An allele that is expressed only when it is homozygousthe allele for no freckles is recessive.

Evolution Descent with modification from a common ancestor

Natural selection The process by which survival reproduction pressures act to change the frequency of all alleles in subsequent generations. E.g. Faster rabbits are more likely to survive and reproduce than slow rabbits, leading to more fast rabbits in subsequent generations.

Mutation An error that occurs when DNA is replicated

Migration Movement to a new location. E.g. Moving from a cold to a warm climate might change the natural selection of traits in a species.

Genetic drift Change in population´s genes from one generation to the next because of chance or accident. E.g. untington’s disease is more common than usual among the Afrikaner population of South Africa because a carrier of the disease was among the small number of Dutch immigrants who survived to reproduce.

Fitness The ability of one genotype to reproduce more successfully relative to other genotypes. E.g. The recessive sickle-cell trait has low fitness in general because it can produce disease, but because the trait protects the individual from malaria, it has higher fitness in populations living where malaria is common.

Adaption The change because of natural selection. E.g. The moth population changed from primarily light to dark colors when the trees they inhabited became darker because of pollution.

Hominin Species that walked on two feet, had large brains, and are assumed to be related to modern humans.

Altruism Behavior on behalf of another that fails to benefit or harms the individual performing

Reciprocal altruism Help that you provide for another person when you expect the person to return the favor in the future, e..g you share food with a hungry person thinking that someone might share with you later.

Sexual selection The development of traits (karaktärsdrag) that help an individual complete for mates, e.g. a woman may choose a man whose facial appearance is correlated with being a father.

Cooperation Working together to benefit all parties involves, e.g. Hunters work together to kill an animal that an individual could not kill alone.

Biological psychology/ behavioral neuroscience Is the scientific study of the reciprocal connections between the structure and activity of the nervous system and behavior and mental processes.

Histology Microscopic examination of the nervous system,  how does the structure of nervous system cells correlate with behavior?

Skin conductance response (formerly galvanic skin response) Measurement of electricity passed between two surface electrodes placed on the skin of the hand or fingerwhat is a person´s state of arousal?

Electroencephalogram (EEG) Measurement of the brain´s electrical activity using electrodes placed on the scalp  what is a person´s state of arousal?

Event-related potential (ERP) Measurement formed by averaging EEG responses to a stimulus, such as a light or tone did the person perceive the stimulus?

Single cell recording Measurement of a single neuron´s activity obtained through a surgically implanted

Positron emission tomography (PET) Measurement that uses the accumulation of radioactively tagged glucose or oxygen to identify particular task?  What parts of the brain are active during a activity levels in parts of the brain?

Magnetoencephalography Recording of the tiny amounts of magnetic output of the brainwhat parts of the brain react to this stimulus?

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Identification on active parts of the brain using magnetism to track the flow of oxygen what parts of the brain are active during a particular task?

Electrical stimulation Application of small amounts of electricity through a surgically implanted electrode what behaviors occurs if we stimulate this part of the brain?

Optogenetics Genetically inserted light-sensitive proteins allow cells in the brain to be turned on with light  which types of cells are active during particular behaviors?

Transcranial magnetic stimulation Application of magnetic fields to the brain through an instrument held near the scalp  what behavior changes occur when magnetism is applied to the brain?

Lesions Naturally occurring or deliberate damage to the brain what behavior changes are correlated with brain damage?