SAP

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• SAP Enterprise software company and ecosystem used to manage integrated business processes.
• ERP Enterprise Resource Planning: software that integrates core business processes in one system.
• SAP S/4HANA SAP's modern ERP suite built for the SAP HANA database.
• SAP S/4HANA Cloud Public Edition Standardized cloud ERP delivered by SAP as a public-cloud service.
• SAP S/4HANA Cloud Private Edition Cloud ERP with more flexibility and customer-specific configuration than Public Edition.
• On-Premise A deployment model where the customer operates the ERP environment on its own or dedicated infrastructure.
• Cloud ERP ERP software delivered and operated through cloud infrastructure.
• SAP HANA SAP's in-memory database platform used by S/4HANA.
• In-Memory Database A database designed to process much of its data directly in memory for high performance.
• SaaS Software as a Service: software accessed as a subscription-based cloud service.
• Public Cloud A standardized cloud environment shared across customers while keeping customer data logically separated.
• Private Cloud A more dedicated cloud environment with greater flexibility for a specific customer.
• SAP Best Practices Preconfigured processes and guidance that SAP recommends as standard ways of working.
• Scope Item A defined business-process package that can be activated and configured in SAP S/4HANA Cloud.
• Business Process A sequence of activities that produces a business outcome.
• End-to-End Process A complete business process followed from its initial trigger to its final outcome.
• Source-to-Pay The end-to-end process from identifying a supply source through purchasing, receipt, invoicing, and payment.
• Procure-to-Pay (P2P) The process from an internal purchasing need through ordering, receiving, invoicing, and payment.
• Clean Core Keeping the SAP standard core as unchanged as possible and using approved extension methods.
• Release A specific version or update of SAP software containing new or changed functionality.
• SAP Activate SAP's implementation methodology for deploying SAP solutions.
• Discover SAP Activate phase in which the organization evaluates the solution and business value.
• Prepare SAP Activate phase in which the project, team, systems, and governance are established.
• Explore SAP Activate phase in which SAP standard processes are reviewed against business needs.
• Realize SAP Activate phase in which the solution is configured, extended, integrated, and tested.
• Deploy SAP Activate phase in which the organization prepares for and executes go-live.
• Run Post-go-live phase focused on operating, supporting, and improving the solution.
• Fit-to-Standard An implementation approach that starts from SAP standard processes instead of recreating old processes.
• Fit-to-Standard Workshop A workshop used to demonstrate SAP standard processes and identify required configuration or gaps.
• Requirement A business need that the implemented solution must satisfy.
• Gap A business requirement that is not fully covered by the proposed standard solution.
• Configuration Setting system options so SAP supports the required business processes.
• Configuration Activity A specific task used to configure a business process or organizational setting.
• SAP Central Business Configuration (CBC) SAP tool used to define scope, organizational structure, and configuration for S/4HANA Cloud Public Edition.
• CBC Project An implementation project created and managed in SAP Central Business Configuration.
• System Landscape The collection of SAP environments used for configuration, testing, and production.
• Starter System Preconfigured SAP environment used mainly for Fit-to-Standard workshops and process exploration.
• Development System Environment used to configure, extend, and develop the solution before testing.
• Test System Environment used to validate configuration and business processes before production.
• Production System The live SAP system used for real business transactions.
• SAP Fiori SAP's user experience and design system for business applications.
• SAP Fiori Launchpad The main entry point where users access SAP Fiori apps.
• Fiori App An SAP application designed according to Fiori user-experience principles.
• Business Role A role that groups the apps and authorizations needed for a user's job.
• Business Catalog A collection of apps and authorizations assigned to business roles.
• Business User A person who has an SAP user account and performs business tasks in the system.
• Authorization Permission that controls what a user can view or perform in SAP.
• Restriction A limitation that narrows the data or activities available to a user.
• Identity and Access Management (IAM) Processes and tools used to control user identities, authentication, and authorizations.
• Spaces Fiori Launchpad structures used to organize apps for a business role.
• Pages Fiori Launchpad pages inside a Space that group relevant apps and content.
• Tile A visual launch element that opens an app or function in SAP Fiori.
• Key User An advanced business user who supports processes, users, and selected configuration or extensions.
• Extensibility The ability to adapt or add functionality without unnecessarily modifying the SAP core.
• In-App Extensibility Extending SAP directly through supported key-user tools inside the application.
• Side-by-Side Extensibility Building extensions outside the S/4HANA core, often on SAP BTP.
• Custom Field A customer-created field added to supported SAP business objects or screens.
• Custom Logic Customer-specific logic added through SAP-supported extension points.
• Custom Business Object A customer-created business object used to store and manage custom data.
• Software Collection A package used to move supported key-user extensions between systems.
• Organizational Structure The way a company's legal and operational units are represented in SAP.
• Company Code The smallest organizational unit for which a complete set of financial accounts can be produced.
• Plant An organizational unit representing a location such as a factory, warehouse, or distribution site.
• Storage Location An organizational unit that identifies where stock is physically managed within a Plant.
• Purchasing Organization The organizational unit responsible for procurement activities and supplier negotiations.
• Purchasing Group A buyer or group of buyers responsible for specific purchasing activities.
• Valuation Area The organizational level at which material stock values are managed.
• Valuation Level The level in the organization where material valuation is performed.
• Cost Center An organizational object used to collect and control costs for an area of responsibility.
• Profit Center An organizational object used to measure profit and performance for a business area.
• Controlling Area An organizational unit used for management accounting and controlling.
• Company An organizational unit that can contain one or more company codes.
• Purchasing Organization Assignment The relationship that connects a purchasing organization to company codes or plants.
• Plant Assignment The organizational relationship linking a Plant to the relevant enterprise structure.
• Central Purchasing A model in which one purchasing organization procures for several parts of a company.
• Cross-Plant Purchasing Purchasing performed for more than one Plant.
• Plant-Specific Purchasing Purchasing performed for a particular Plant.
• Receiving Plant The Plant that receives material in a stock transfer or procurement process.
• Supplying Plant The Plant that provides material to another Plant.
• Purchasing Responsibility The defined responsibility for managing specific purchasing activities or categories.
• Master Data Relatively stable business data reused across many transactions and processes.
• Transaction Data Data created by business events such as purchase orders, goods receipts, and invoices.
• Business Partner (BP) SAP's central object for representing organizations and persons such as suppliers.
• Supplier A business partner that provides materials or services.
• Supplier Master Data Stored information about a supplier used in purchasing and financial processes.
• Business Partner Role A role that defines how a business partner is used in a business process.
• Supplier Role A business partner role that enables the partner to act as a supplier.
• Material Master Central master data containing information about a material used across business functions.
• Product Master Master data describing a product and its properties for business processes.
• Material Type A classification that controls how a material is managed and which data is relevant.
• Material Group A grouping used to classify similar materials or services for purchasing and reporting.
• Base Unit of Measure The primary unit in which a material's stock is managed.
• Order Unit The unit in which a material is normally ordered from a supplier.
• Purchasing Info Record Master data linking a supplier and material with purchasing information such as prices or delivery data.
• Source List A list of permitted or preferred sources of supply for a material and period.
• Quota Arrangement A rule that distributes procurement requirements among multiple sources of supply.
• Purchasing Value Key A key that can provide default purchasing values such as reminders or tolerances.
• MRP Data Master data used by Material Requirements Planning to calculate procurement or production needs.
• Valuation Class A classification that helps determine which general-ledger account is used for material postings.
• Accounting Data Financially relevant master data used for valuation and accounting postings.
• Purchase Requisition (PR) An internal request to procure a material or service.
• PR Item An individual line in a purchase requisition.
• Purchase Order (PO) A formal purchasing document sent to a supplier to order materials or services.
• PO Item An individual line in a purchase order.
• Goods Receipt (GR) The posting that records that ordered goods have been received.
• Invoice Receipt (IR) The posting that records a supplier invoice for purchased goods or services.
• Supplier Invoice A supplier's request for payment for delivered goods or services.
• Material Document A document created when a goods movement is posted.
• Accounting Document A financial document created when a business transaction affects accounting.
• Purchase Order History The record of follow-on transactions such as receipts and invoices for a purchase order.
• Document Type A classification that controls how a business document behaves and is numbered.
• Item Category A classification that determines how a purchasing document item is processed.
• Account Assignment The assignment of a purchasing cost to an object such as a cost center, asset, or project.
• Account Assignment Category A code defining the type of object to which a purchasing cost is assigned.
• Delivery Date The date on which the requested material or service is expected to be delivered.
• Quantity The amount of material or service requested or ordered.
• Net Price The purchasing price after relevant discounts and surcharges are considered.
• Currency The monetary unit used for prices and values in a transaction.
• Incoterms International commercial terms defining responsibilities for delivery, cost, and risk between buyer and seller.
• Payment Terms Rules defining when and under what conditions an invoice must be paid.
• Requisitioning The process of creating and managing internal requests for materials or services.
• Self-Service Requisitioning A process in which business users create their own purchase requests through guided tools.
• Direct Material Procurement Procurement of materials that are normally used in production or held as inventory.
• Consumable Purchasing Procurement of materials or services that are directly charged to a consumption object.
• Stock Material A material that is managed in inventory and normally has a material master record.
• Consumable Material A material purchased for direct use rather than for inventory.
• Non-Stock Material A material purchased without being managed as regular inventory.
• Free-Text Item A purchasing item entered with a description instead of selecting an existing material master.
• Catalog Item A material or service selected from an approved purchasing catalog.
• Purchase Requisition Approval The workflow process used to approve a purchase requisition before further processing.
• Automatic Source Determination System logic that identifies an appropriate source of supply automatically.
• Automatic Purchase Order A purchase order created automatically from eligible procurement requirements.
• Purchase Order Processing The creation, change, approval, and management of purchase orders.
• Purchase Order Output The communication of a purchase order to a supplier through an output channel.
• Order Acknowledgment A supplier's confirmation that it accepts an order and its key details.
• Confirmation Information from a supplier about expected delivery or fulfillment of an order.
• Delivery Schedule Planned quantities and dates for future deliveries.
• Overdelivery Tolerance The allowed percentage or quantity by which a supplier may deliver more than ordered.
• Underdelivery Tolerance The allowed percentage or quantity by which a supplier may deliver less than ordered.
• GR-Based Invoice Verification Invoice verification in which an invoice is matched against individual goods receipts.
• Sourcing The process of identifying, evaluating, and selecting sources of supply.
• Source of Supply A supplier, contract, scheduling agreement, or other source from which a requirement can be fulfilled.
• Source Determination The process of selecting an appropriate source of supply for a procurement requirement.
• Request for Quotation (RFQ) A formal request asking suppliers to provide prices and conditions for a requirement.
• Supplier Quotation A supplier's commercial offer in response to an RFQ.
• Quotation Comparison The evaluation and comparison of quotations from multiple suppliers.
• Award The decision to select a supplier or quotation for the business.
• Bid A supplier's submitted commercial offer in a sourcing process.
• Price Comparison The comparison of supplier prices and conditions to support a sourcing decision.
• Fixed Source A source of supply marked as the preferred or mandatory source for a defined period.
• Source List Requirement A setting requiring procurement to use a valid source list.
• Quota A defined share of procurement requirements allocated to a source of supply.
• Quota Rating A calculated value used to determine which quota source should receive the next requirement.
• Supplier Evaluation The process of assessing supplier performance using defined criteria.
• Preferred Supplier A supplier designated as the preferred source for specific purchasing needs.
• Spend Analysis Analysis of purchasing expenditure to identify patterns, savings, and sourcing opportunities.
• Procurement Analytics Reporting and analysis used to monitor purchasing performance and procurement processes.
• Negotiation The process of agreeing commercial conditions with a supplier.
• Purchasing Category A classification used to group related purchasing spend or responsibilities.
• Supplier Selection The process of choosing the supplier that best meets defined business criteria.
• Purchase Contract A long-term purchasing agreement with a supplier covering defined materials, services, quantities, or values.
• Quantity Contract A contract in which the buyer commits to a target quantity over a validity period.
• Value Contract A contract in which the buyer commits to a target monetary value over a validity period.
• Contract Item An individual material or service line in a purchase contract.
• Target Quantity The total quantity planned or agreed for a quantity contract.
• Target Value The total monetary value planned or agreed for a value contract.
• Validity Period The start and end dates during which an agreement or condition is valid.
• Contract Release Order A purchase order created with reference to a purchase contract.
• Contract Consumption The quantity or value already used from a purchasing contract.
• Scheduling Agreement A long-term purchasing agreement that uses schedule lines instead of individual purchase orders.
• Scheduling Agreement Item An individual material or service line in a scheduling agreement.
• Schedule Line A dated quantity requirement within a scheduling agreement.
• Release Documentation Records showing scheduling-agreement releases and communicated requirements.
• Pricing Condition A component of a purchasing price, such as gross price, discount, freight, or surcharge.
• Condition Record Stored master data containing a price or other condition for defined criteria.
• Gross Price The price before discounts, surcharges, or other condition adjustments.
• Discount A reduction applied to a purchasing price.
• Surcharge An additional amount added to a purchasing price.
• Contract Expiry The point at which a purchasing contract reaches the end of its validity period.
• Service Procurement The process of purchasing, receiving, and settling externally provided services.
• Lean Services A simplified SAP process for procuring and confirming services.
• Service Purchase Order A purchase order used to procure services from a supplier.
• Service Entry Sheet (SES) A document used to record and accept services that have been performed.
• Service Performer The person or organization that performs a purchased service.
• Service Confirmation Confirmation that an ordered service has been performed.
• Planned Service A service whose scope and details are specified in advance.
• Unplanned Service A service that is not fully specified as an exact planned line before performance.
• Subcontracting A process in which a supplier manufactures or processes a product using components provided by the customer.
• Subcontracting Component A component provided to a subcontractor for use in producing the ordered material.
• Component Provision The process of supplying components to a subcontractor.
• Subsequent Adjustment A later correction to component consumption reported in a subcontracting process.
• Consignment A process where supplier-owned stock is stored at the customer's site until it is consumed.
• Consignment Stock Stock physically held by the customer but still owned by the supplier.
• Consignment Liability The financial obligation created when supplier-owned consignment stock is withdrawn for use.
• Consignment Settlement The process of calculating and posting payment obligations for consumed consignment stock.
• Stock Transfer The movement of stock between organizational locations within a company or group.
• Stock Transport Order (STO) A purchasing document used to manage stock transfers between plants.
• External Procurement Obtaining materials or services from an external supplier.
• Special Procurement Type A master-data setting that defines a special way a material is procured or supplied.
• Inventory Management The SAP functionality used to manage stock quantities and goods movements.
• Goods Movement A transaction that changes stock quantity, stock type, or stock location.
• Movement Type A code that controls how a goods movement is posted and what effects it has.
• Goods Issue (GI) A goods movement that records material leaving inventory or being consumed.
• Transfer Posting A posting that changes a material's stock type, status, or organizational assignment.
• Stock Type A classification describing the usability or status of stock.
• Unrestricted-Use Stock Stock that is available for normal use without restrictions.
• Quality Inspection Stock Stock that is held for quality inspection before normal use.
• Blocked Stock Stock that is not available for normal use.
• Valuated Stock Inventory whose quantity and value are managed in accounting.
• Non-Valuated Stock Inventory whose quantity may be tracked without carrying a material value.
• Batch A quantity of material produced or procured under the same conditions and managed as a group.
• Serial Number A unique identifier used to track an individual physical item.
• Inbound Delivery A logistics document describing an expected incoming delivery.
• Outbound Delivery A logistics document describing goods that are to be shipped out.
• Delivery Note A document accompanying a delivery and describing its contents.
• Physical Inventory The process of physically counting stock and reconciling it with system quantities.
• Stock Overview A view of available stock across organizational levels and stock types.
• Posting Date The date on which a transaction is recorded in financial or inventory accounting.
• Document Date The date shown on the original business document.
• Invoice Verification The process of checking supplier invoices against purchasing and receipt information.
• Three-Way Match Matching a purchase order, goods receipt, and supplier invoice before payment.
• Two-Way Match Matching two relevant documents, commonly the purchase order and invoice.
• Invoice Block A status that prevents an invoice from being paid until an issue is resolved.
• Blocking Reason The specific reason an invoice has been blocked for payment.
• Invoice Difference A difference between invoice data and the expected purchasing or receipt data.
• Quantity Variance A difference between invoiced quantity and the expected or received quantity.
• Price Variance A difference between the invoiced price and the expected purchasing price.
• Tax Code A code that determines how tax is calculated and posted.
• Evaluated Receipt Settlement (ERS) A process that creates settlement documents automatically from goods receipts instead of supplier invoices.
• GR/IR Clearing Account An interim account used to reconcile goods receipts and invoice receipts.
• Accounts Payable (AP) The accounting area that manages amounts owed to suppliers.
• General Ledger (G/L) Account An account used to record financial transactions in the general ledger.
• Fiscal Period A defined accounting period used for financial postings and reporting.
• Automatic Settlement System-driven creation of settlement or payment-related postings based on predefined rules.
• Credit Memo A document that reduces an amount previously invoiced by a supplier.
• Subsequent Debit An additional charge posted after the original invoice without changing the invoiced quantity.
• Subsequent Credit A reduction posted after the original invoice without changing the invoiced quantity.
• Invoice Reduction A process that reduces an invoice amount when the invoice exceeds the accepted amount.
• Tolerance Limit A configured threshold within which a difference may be accepted automatically.
• Flexible Workflow A configurable SAP workflow framework used to route purchasing documents for approval.
• Workflow An automated sequence of tasks, approvals, or decisions.
• Approval Formal authorization allowing a document or process to proceed.
• Approver A user responsible for approving a document or request.
• Workflow Step An individual task or approval stage within a workflow.
• Start Condition A rule that determines when a workflow is triggered.
• Exception A situation that differs from the expected process and may require attention.
• Situation Handling SAP functionality that proactively alerts users to important business situations.
• Situation Type The definition that describes when and how a business situation should be created.
• Situation Instance A specific occurrence of a defined situation in business data.
• Notification A system message informing a user about an event, task, or situation.
• My Inbox A Fiori app used to manage approval tasks and workflow items.
• Responsibility Management SAP functionality for determining who is responsible for business tasks or approvals.
• Responsibility Rule A rule used to determine the responsible person or team.
• Team A defined group of users who share responsibility for business activities.
• KPI Key Performance Indicator: a metric used to measure business performance.
• Analytical App A Fiori application used to analyze business data and performance.
• Embedded Analytics Analytics built directly into S/4HANA using current transactional data.
• Operational Reporting Reporting focused on day-to-day business-process performance.
• CDS View A Core Data Services model used to expose and structure SAP business data for applications and analytics.
• API Application Programming Interface: a defined way for software systems to exchange data or functions.
• OData A web protocol commonly used by SAP APIs for accessing and changing business data.
• SOAP A structured web-service protocol used for system-to-system communication.
• REST An architectural style commonly used to build lightweight web APIs.
• Communication Scenario An SAP-defined set of inbound and outbound services for an integration use case.
• Communication Arrangement The configured connection that activates a communication scenario with a specific system.
• Communication System The representation of an external communication partner system in SAP.
• Communication User A technical user used for authenticated system-to-system communication.
• Integration The connection of systems and processes so data and activities can flow between them.
• SAP Business Accelerator Hub SAP's catalog for discovering APIs, events, integration content, and related resources.
• SAP BTP SAP Business Technology Platform: SAP's platform for integration, data, analytics, development, and extensions.
• Business Event A published system event indicating that a relevant business change has occurred.
• Released API An API officially released by SAP for supported external use.
• Released Object An SAP object officially approved for supported extension or integration scenarios.
• Custom CDS View A customer-created CDS-based view used to expose or analyze selected SAP data.
• Custom Analytical Query A key-user tool for creating analytical queries based on supported data sources.
• Extension Additional functionality added to SAP through supported extension mechanisms.
• API Sandbox A test environment that allows users to try APIs without affecting a productive system.
• Communication Management The setup and administration of communication users, systems, scenarios, and arrangements.
• External System A software system outside the current SAP S/4HANA environment.
• Data Migration The process of transferring required data from legacy systems into SAP.
• SAP S/4HANA Migration Cockpit SAP tool used to migrate supported master and transactional data into S/4HANA.
• Migration Object A defined type of business data that can be migrated using the Migration Cockpit.
• Migration Template A structured template used to prepare source data for migration.
• Staging Table An intermediate table used to hold data before it is migrated into SAP.
• Data Mapping The process of matching source-system data fields to the required SAP target structure.
• Value Mapping The translation of source-system values into the corresponding SAP target values.
• Test Automation Tool SAP functionality used to automate repeatable business-process tests.
• Test Script A documented sequence of steps and expected results for testing a process.
• Test Plan A structured plan describing which tests will be performed and when.
• Test Case A specific scenario used to verify that a function or business process works correctly.
• Business Process Test A test that validates an end-to-end business process in the implemented solution.
• Regression Testing Testing performed to confirm that existing functionality still works after changes.
• User Acceptance Testing (UAT) Testing in which business users confirm that the solution supports their required processes.
• Implementation Project A structured project used to configure and deploy an SAP solution.
• Business Process Variant A specific configured variation of a standard business process.
• Transport The controlled movement of configuration or development content between SAP systems.
• Business Configuration Configuration settings that define how business processes operate in SAP.
• Go-Live The point at which the new SAP solution begins productive business use.
• Hypercare A period of intensive support immediately after go-live to stabilize the solution.

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