The science of psychology (Kap 8)

amnesia a deficit in memory where memory for new, or old (or both), things may be partially or totally lost

memory the processes that allow us to record, store and later retrive experiences and information

encoding getting information into the system by translating it into a neural code that your brain processes

storage retaining info over time

retrival processes that access stored info

sensory memory briefly holds incoming sensory information

short-term memory memory store that temporarily holds a limited amount of info

memory codes mental representation of some type of info or stimulus

chunking combining individual items into larger units of meaning

working memory a limited capacity system that temporarily stores and processes info

long-term memory our vast library of more durable stored memories

serial position effect the ability to recall an item is influenced by the item´s position in a series

levels of processing the more deeply we process info, the better we will remember it

maintenance rehearsal simple, rote repetition

elaborative rehearsal focusing on the meaning of info or expanding (i.e., elaborating) on it in some way

dual coding theory encoding info using both verbal and visual codes enhances memory because the odds improve that at least one of the codes will be available later to support recall

method of loci a memory aid that associates info with mental images of physical locations

schema a mental framework, an organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world

mnemonist (memorist) a person who displays extraordinary memory skills

associative network a massive network of associated ideas and concepts

priming exposure to a stimulus influence (i.e., primes) how you subsequently respond to that same or another stimulus

neural network (connectionist) models each memory is represented by a unique pattern of interconnected and simultaneously activated nodes

parallel distributed processing (PDP) models neural network connectionist models

declarative memory factual knowledge

episodic memory knowledge concerning personal experiences: when, where and what happened in the episodes of our lives

semantic memory general factual knowledge about the world and language, including memory for words and concepts

procedural (non-declarative) memory memory reflected in skills and actions

explicit memory conscious or intentional memory retrieval, as when you consciously recognize or recall something

implicit memory when memory influences our behaviour without conscious awareness

retrival cue a stimulus, whether internal or external, that activates info stored in long-term memory

autobiographical memories memory for the events of one´s life

flashbulb memories recollections that seem so vivid, so clear, that we can picture them as if they were snapshots of moments in time

encoding specificity principle memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrival match those that were present during encoding

context-dependent memory it typically is easier to remember something in the same environment in which it was originally encoded

state-dependent memory our ability to retrieve info is greater when our internal state at the time of retrieval matches our original state during learning

mood-congruent recall we tend to recall info or events that are congruent with our current mood

decay memory with time and disuse the long-term physical memory trace in the nervous system fades away

proactive interference occurs when material learned in the past interferes with recall of newer material

retroactive interference occurs when newly acquired info interferes with the ability to recall info learned at an earlier time

tip-of-the-tounge (TOT) state we cannot recall something but feel that we are on the verge of remembering it

repression a motivational process that protects us by blocking the conscious recall of anxiety-arousing memories

prospective memory remembering to perform an activity in the future

retrograde amnesia memory loss for events that took place sime time in life before onset of amnesia

anterograde amnesia memory loss for events that occur after the intial onset of amnesia

dementia impaired memory and other deficits that accompany brain degeneration and interfere with normal functioning

alzheimer´s disease (AD) a progressive brain disorder that is the most common cause of dementia among adults over the age of 65

infantile amnesia memory loss for early experiences

misinformation effect the distortion of a memory by misleading post-event info

source confusion our tendency to recall something or recognize it as fimilar but to forget where we encountered it

memory consolidation a gradual process by which the brain transfers info into long-term memory

long-term potentiation (LTP) enduring increase in synaptic strength

overlearning continued rehearsal past the point of initial learning, which significantly improves performance or memory taskts

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